Figure (IMAGE) Osaka University Caption Aberrant CpG methylation upstream of the expanded CTG repeats dysregulates transcription at the repeat locus in both directions, thereby increasing toxic RNA burden. Additionally, enhanced RNA toxicity upregulated the interleukin-6 (IL-6) myokine signaling pathway, which is involved in myocyte maturation and muscle atrophy, resulting in severe CDM phenotypes. Credit Osaka University Usage Restrictions None License Licensed content Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.