Multiply cage-confined catalysis based on the open-cage solution (IMAGE)
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(a,b) Comparative model diagram of the solvent-size restricted porous liquids, the transient solvent-cage and the cage-confined nanospaces in open-cage solution; (c) Multiply catalysis mediated by basic cage-confined nanospaces in acidic bulk solution, involving the phase transfer of insoluble substrate, product or co-catalyst; (d) Positive-charge induced pKa shifts through imidazole deprotonation.
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