Schematic illustration of universal adversarial examples and perturbations. (IMAGE)

Science China Press

Schematic illustration of universal adversarial examples and perturbations.

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(a) Universal adversarial examples: Adding a small amount of carefully crafted noise to a certain image could make it become an adversarial example that can fool different quantum classifiers. (b)Universal adversarial perturbations: adding the same carefully-crafted noise to a set of images could make them all become adversarial examples for a given quantum classifier.

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