Figure 10 (IMAGE)
Caption
Proposed mechanism of the regulation of galectin-9 expression in human cancer and embryonic stage at low and normal oxygen availability stages. The figure depicts the key processes taking place in embryonic development and malignant tumour growth during the initial low oxygen availability (hypoxic) stage and later (normal oxygen availability) stages. The studied biochemical events are demonstrated in the right-hand panel. During the hypoxic stage, HIF-1 induces TGF-β expression, which then displays autocrine activity and triggers galectin-9 expression in a Smad3-dependent manner. During the normal oxygen availability stage, AP-1 contributes to TGF-β expression but it is also self-triggered by TGF-β. Galectin-9 upregulation is perpetually induced by the TGF-β-Smad3 pathway.
Credit
Correspondence to: Vadim V. Sumbayev email: V.Sumbayev@kent.ac.uk and Elizaveta Fasler-Kan email: elizaveta.fasler@insel.ch
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Copyright: © 2020 Selnø et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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