Figure 1.A Landmarks of the Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Hypopharynx (IMAGE)

Tokyo Medical and Dental University

Figure 1.A Landmarks of the Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Hypopharynx

Caption

Abbreviations: Aa, anterior medial point of the atlas; AAL, anterior atlas line (line perpendicular to the palatal line registered on the anterior medial point of the atlas); ANS, anterior nasal spine; Ba, basion; C2, second cervical vertebra; C3, third cervical vertebra; C4, fourth cervical vertebra; Et, epiglottis; EtL, epiglottis line (line parallel to the palatal line registered on the most superior point of the epiglottis); PL, palatal line (line from the anterior nasal spine to the posterior nasal spine); PML, pterygomaxillary line (line perpendicular to the palatal line registered on the pterygomaxillon); PNS, posterior nasal spine; Ptm, pterygomaxillary fissure; SpL, sphenoid line (line tangential to the lower border of the sphenoid registered on the basion).

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Department of Orthodontic Science,TMDU

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