Figure 1-1. 3D Schematics (IMAGE) Institute for Basic Science Caption IBS and KAIST researchers employed the gold electrode and attached the target molecules onto the electrode. Just like functional groups generate diverse electronic effects, one electrode fits all reactions as the single electrode can behave like multiple functional groups just with the switch of applied voltage. The application of (+) voltage on the electrode decreased the electron density at the reaction site. Conversely, when (-) voltage was applied, the electrode acted as an electron-donating group, increasing the electron density at the reaction site. Credit IBS Usage Restrictions Please indicate the credit. License Licensed content Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.