neurons (IMAGE)
Caption
A Brain tissues of Brodmann area 22 (BA22, magenta) of the temporal lobe were stained with Golgi impregnation and subjected to synchrotron radiation nanotomography to visualize three-dimensional tissue structures in layer V. The obtained datasets along with those of the BA24 area (blue) of the anterior cingulate cortex were used for the geometric analysis. The rendering shows a three-dimensional image of the S1A dataset taken from BA22 tissue of the schizophrenia S1 case. The pial surface is toward the top. Voxel values of 160-800 were rendered with the scatter HQ algorithm using VGStudio (Volume Graphics, Germany). Scale bar: 10 μm. B The neuronal network was reconstructed in Cartesian coordinate space by tracing structures in the image. First, neurites were scanned by calculating the gradient vector flow37 and then traced using a three-dimensional Sobel filter38. The resultant computer-generated model was examined and edited as reported previously9. The obtained model of the S1A dataset was drawn using MCTrace22. Structural constituents are color-coded. The same analysis was repeated for 34 datasets of 4 schizophrenia and 4 control cases. C Three-dimensional cage representation of the observed image (gray) is superposed on the structural model of an apical dendrite (red) indicated with a small dashed box in B. The three-dimensional map is contoured at 3.0 times the standard deviation (3.0 σ) of the voxel values with a grid size of 97.6 nm. Nodes composing the structure are indicated with octagons. D Three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates of the traced structure were used to calculate geometric parameters, including average curvature and average torsion for each neurite. A volume indicated with the lower box in B is magnified and its two representative neurites are highlighted, of which the blue one is tortuous and hence has a high average curvature, while the black one is rather straight and hence has a low average curvature. Arrows indicate corresponding positions in the beeswarm plot that shows the curvature distribution of all neurites in this S1A structure.
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