The Pyramid of Cardiovascular Risk (IMAGE)

Elsevier

The Pyramid of Cardiovascular Risk

Caption

Nicotine delivery systems, including nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes (ECs) and combusted tobacco, can be ranked within a pyramid of cardiovascular harm, stratified by potency of nicotine delivery and the accompanying non-nicotine toxicants. NRTs have the least cardiovascular risk, and combustible tobacco products have the greatest risk. Smokeless tobacco produces and ECs likely have intermediate cardiovascular risk.

Credit

Holly Middlekauff, MD

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