Estimated Excess Mortality Attributed to Air Pollution in Europe (IMAGE)

European Society of Cardiology

Estimated Excess Mortality Attributed to Air Pollution in Europe

Caption

Estimated excess mortality attributed to air pollution in Europe, and the contributing disease categories. At least 48 percent are due to cardiovascular disease (ischemic heart disease and stroke). A fraction of other non-communicable diseases should also be counted to cardiovascular diseases related mortality, with an upper limit of 32 percent. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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<I>European Heart Journal</I>

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Please credit the <I>European Heart Journal</I>

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