The Barrier Scores across the top 50 metropolitan areas in the United States are consistently positive (IMAGE)
Caption
(Left) Heatmap of all Barrier Scores B(d) grouped into 0.5 km bins of social tie distance. Only statistically significant values of B(d) are shown (P <0.01). Color denotes Barrier Score, square size is proportional to the fraction of social ties in each distance band relative to all ties in the city. All cities have positive Barrier Scores over most distances. Often, there is a smoothly reached peak distance, for example in Orlando at around dpeak ≈1.5 km. The Top row labeled “ALL CITIES” reports the distance-binned Barrier Scores averaged over all cities. (Right) The bar plot labeled “CITY” reports the Barrier Score B calculated considering all ties with distances up to 10 km. All results shown are averaged over 20 randomized runs of the null model.
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