The healing process of a reconstructed ACL. (IMAGE)
Caption
(a–c) Intra-articular tissue remodeling of the intra-articular graft. (d–f) Graft–bone integration of the interface between graft and bone. (a, d) The early healing stage, which is mainly accompanied by inflammation and mesenchymal stem cell migration; (b, e) the proliferation stage, which is mainly accompanied by angiogenesis, cell proliferation and functional remodeling; (c, f) the maturation stage, which is mainly accompanied by continuous matrix remodeling and tissue maturity. B: bone; G: graft; NCB: newly formed collagen bundles; UFC: uncalcified fibrocartilage; CFC: calcified fibrocartilage; NB: newly formed bone; SF: Sharpey’s fibers; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; M-CSF: macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-6: interleukin-6; MMP-1: matrixmetalloproteinase-1.
Credit
Haozhi Zhang et al.
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