Revealing ionically isolated Li loss in practical rechargeable Li metal pouch cells (IMAGE)
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The degradation of Li metal batteries is primarily attributed to active Li loss, encompassing isolated Li, also known as “dead Li”, and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Under practical lean electrolyte conditions, the formation of dead Li occurs through two distinct mechanisms: either via disconnection from the electron percolation network, traditionally identified as electronically isolated Li (E-iLi) due to SEI encapsulation, or through disconnection from the Li-ion percolation network as a consequence of electrolyte dry-out, termed as ionically isolated Li (I-iLi).
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