Mesenchymal stem cells - the secret agents of cancer immunotherapy: Promises, challenges, and surprising twists (IMAGE)

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Mesenchymal stem cells - the secret agents of cancer immunotherapy: Promises, challenges, and surprising twists

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Figure 1: Immunomodulatory effects of simulated MSCs. MSCs utilize different molecular mechanisms to suppress (in most cases) or activate immune cells. Orange arrows: inhibition; Green arrows: stimulation. Abbreviations: INF-γ: interferon gamma; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; PGE-2: prostaglandin E2; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; HLA-G5: human leukocyte antigen-G5; Treg: T regulatory lymphocytes; Breg: B regulatory lymphocytes; IL-6: interleukin 6; MCP-1: Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1; Th1: T helper type 1; ICOSL: Inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand; NK: Natural killer cell.

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© 2024 Minev et al.

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