An illustration of the fundamental concept of causal emergence (IMAGE)
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(a) The effective information(EI) is denoted as J in this paper. (b) A case demonstrating CE in a discrete Markov chain. The micro-dynamics consist of eight micro-states. During the coarse-graining process, the first seven states are grouped together as one macro-state, while the eighth micro-state corresponds to the second macro-state. As a result, a transition probability matrix is formed at the macro-scale, where the effective information J(fM)=1, which is greater than J(fm)=0.55. This difference, ΔJ=0.45, indicates the occurrence of CE, as ΔJ>0. Figure credit: Jiang Zhang and Mingzhe Yang.
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Figure credit: Jiang Zhang and Mingzhe Yang.
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