Types of immunotherapeutic treatments. (IMAGE)
Caption
Types of immunotherapeutic treatments. Tumor immunotherapy approaches can be broadly categorized as (A) cell therapies (CAR-T), (B) immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies, (C) drug nano-delivery, and (D) oncolytic virus therapies. (A) In CAR-T, for example, T cells are isolated from the human body and genetically engineered in vitro to express CAR and form CAR-T cells, which are then massively expanded in vitro and reinfused into the patient’s body. These CAR-T cells specifically recognize target antigens, proliferate rapidly, and exert anti-tumor effects in vivo. (B) CTLA-4 mAbs preferentially bind CTLA-4, and the ligand CD80/86, which has a stronger affinity for CTLA-4, binds CD80, thus restoring the normal function of T cells and leading to a transition from suppression of anti-tumor immunity to promotion of tumor immunity. (C) Nano-delivered drugs are degraded after being injected into the body and subsequently reach specific target sites, thereby stimulating the secretion of inflammatory factors and cytokines. This nano-delivery system improves tumor immunity efficacy. (D) After infection of tumor cells and normal cells with natural or genetically engineered oncolytic viruses (OVs), normal cells are not affected, whereas OV specifically targets tumor cells and proliferates in them, thus causing tumor cells to undergo lysis, apoptosis, and activating DC cells, NK cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for further attack on tumor cells.
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Cancer Biology & Medicine
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