Formation of a bionic piezoelectric bone scaffold and its biological effects. (IMAGE)
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At the top of the graph, biomimetic scaffolds from macro, micro to nano mimic the structural, mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties of natural bone. Natural bone consists of an ordered structure of piezoelectric collagen fibers and HA arranged with collagen fibers, the corresponding biomimetic scaffolds consist of ordered piezoelectric PLLA fibers and HA particles on the surface. At the bottom of the graph, Piezoelectric bionic scaffolds act on bone defects in four ways: stem cell recruitment, stem cell differentiation, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenesis, and lead to bone regeneration. Scaffold releases calcium ions to alter chemical environment, allowing recruitment of stem cells, which are differentiated towards osteogenesis by ultrasound piezoelectricity. The bone-like microenvironment promotes M2-type polarization of macrophages and increased angiogenesis. Scaffolds promote osteogenic differentiation by affecting calcium channels in MSCs and the PI3K signaling pathway.
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