Resource use and environmental impacts at the production stage of the food system under PBs constraints (IMAGE)
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In the figure can be seen the process of resource use and environmental impacts at the production stage of the food system. Specifically, land reclamation poses a serious threat to land use boundary; the irrigation process consumes large amounts of surface water and groundwater, potentially threatening freshwater boundary. The process of fertilizer production, transportation and application consumes large amounts of N and P resources, and contributes to GHG emissions. Excessive fertilizer application can also disrupt the global N and P cycles. Animal-based food primarily comes from livestock and aquaculture, both of which require land occupation and freshwater consumption, affecting land use and freshwater boundaries. Moreover, the volatilization, leaching or runoff of animal excreta, as well as enteric fermentation by animals can also pose threats to the boundaries of global climate change, N and P cycles.
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