image: After excitation with a near-infrared ray, with its high tissue permeability, fluorescence generated by nonlinear optics is detected. Therefore, it is possible to three-dimensionally observe deep portions of living tissue that have not been fixed or stained. view more
Credit: Osaka University
Osaka, Japan - Cancer diagnosis requires a lengthy process of multiple analyses of tissue biopsies, impeding the quick and early detection of cancers. In a new study, researchers from Osaka University developed a novel imaging system that uses near-infrared light to be less invasive and more time efficient than the conventional approach.
Histopathological analysis, or the investigation of tissue biopsies, is the cornerstone of cancer diagnosis. First, multiple specimens from different tissue locations are biopsied. These specimens are then sent to a pathologist, who will stain the tissues for molecules of interest to determine whether cancerous cells are present. Although an established process, it can be particularly invasive, as a sufficient number of biopsies from multiple locations within the same organ are necessary to increase the chances of catching the potential cancer—which is not always possible for certain organs like the lungs, pancreas and uterus. Suspected cervical cancer is even a contraindication for biopsy acquisition. Another major downside of this process is the slow turnaround time, owing to the complexity of tissue acquisition, histopathological preparation, evaluation and preparation of the report.
"Time is of the essence when it comes to cancer," says corresponding author of the study Masaru Ishii. "The goal of our study was to develop a novel technique that can provide a cancer diagnosis in real-time using the obtained tissues only, without further histopathological preparation."
To achieve their goal, the researchers focused on cervical cancer, the fourth most common type of cancer in women. They obtained biopsies from healthy patients and patients with cervical cancer, and imaged them right away with their imaging system that uses near-infrared light to scan the tissues. An additional feature of this imaging system is its ability to not only scan tissues in two dimensions, as it is done conventionally, but also in three dimensions, thus obtaining a full picture of the tissues. The researchers found that the nuclei, compartments within cells that contain the DNA, had an irregular shape in cancerous tissue. By leveraging this finding and analyzing it using a machine learning algorithm, the researchers were able to set up a quantitative approach to classify tissues into normal and cancerous based on nuclear shape. Going a step further, the researchers developed an additional classification algorithm that takes the amount of connective tissue in the biopsies into account when deciding whether the tissue is healthy or diseased.
But did this imaging system improve the diagnosis of cervical cancer? To verify the accuracy of the imaging results, the researchers sent the specimen to pathologists who then did a conventional histopathological analysis of the biopsies and found a significant overlap between both approaches. Employing both newly developed classification algorithms even enabled the differentiation between invasive cancer and so-called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, a precursor to invasive cancer detected by collecting cervical cells with Pap smears. Taken together, this novel imaging method enabled tissues to be visualized in three-dimensions and to be analyzed for cancer without extensive tissue preparation.
"These are striking results that show how the combination of our technique with image analysis using artificial intelligence enables the less-invasive, quick and quantitative detection of cervical cancer compared to the conventional approach," says Ishii. "Our imaging system could help develop novel medical devices as an improved approach for the diagnosis of cancers."
###
The article, "Nonlinear optics with near-infrared excitation enable real-time quantitative diagnosis of human cervical cancers," is published in Cancer Research at http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-0348
About Osaka University
Osaka University was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and is now one of Japan's leading comprehensive universities with a broad disciplinary spectrum. This strength is coupled with a singular drive for innovation that extends throughout the scientific process, from fundamental research to the creation of applied technology with positive economic impacts. Its commitment to innovation has been recognized in Japan and around the world, being named Japan's most innovative university in 2015 (Reuters 2015 Top 100) and one of the most innovative institutions in the world in 2017 (Innovative Universities and the Nature Index Innovation 2017). Now, Osaka University is leveraging its role as a Designated National University Corporation selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to contribute to innovation for human welfare, sustainable development of society, and social transformation.
Website: https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/top
Journal
Cancer Research