image: HHV 6A and 7 are common herpesviruses to which most are exposed as children. The two viruses were detected in higher abundance in brains with Alzheimer's disease and their activity appears related to certain hallmarks of the disease. view more
Credit: Graphic by Shireen Dooling for the Biodesign Institute at ASU
Of the major illnesses facing humanity, Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains among the most pitiless and confounding. Over a century after its discovery, no effective prevention or treatment exists for this progressive deterioration of brain tissue, memory and identity. With more people living to older ages, there is a growing need to clarify Alzheimer's disease risk factors and disease mechanisms and use this information to find new ways in which to treat and prevent this terrible disorder.
A first-of-its kind study implicates another culprit in the path to Alzheimer's disease: the presence of viruses in the brain.
In research appearing in the advanced online edition of the journal Neuron, scientists at the Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center (NDRC) and their colleagues at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai used large data sets from clinically and neuropathologically characterized brain donors and sophisticated "big data" analysis tools to make sense of both the genes that are inherited and those that are preferentially turned on or off in the brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease. They provide multiple lines of evidence to suggest that certain species of herpesviruses contribute to the development of this disorder.
The new work brings science a step closer to clarifying the mechanisms by which infectious agents may play important roles in the disease. To achieve this, the team capitalized on DNA and RNA sequencing data from 622 brain donors with the clinical and neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease and 322 brain donors without the disease--data generated from the NIH-sponsored Accelerated Medicines Partnership for Alzheimer's Disease (AMP-AD).
The "whole exome" DNA sequencing was used to provide detailed information about each person's inherited genes. RNA sequencing from several brain regions was used to provide detailed information about the genes that are expressed differently in donors with and without the disease.
Clinical assessments performed before the research participants died provided detailed information about their trajectory of cognitive decline, and neuropathological assessments performed after they died provided relevant neuropathological information, including the severity of amyloid plaques and tangles, the cardinal features of Alzheimer's disease. Sophisticated computational tools were used to develop a kind of grand unified picture of the viral-AD nexus.
Big challenges, big data
Big data-driven analyses offer a particularly powerful approach for exploring diseases like Alzheimer's, which involve many interdependent variables acting in concert in profoundly complex systems. In the current study, researchers explore viral presence in 6 key brain regions known to be highly vulnerable to the ravages of AD. (It is now accepted that damaging effects to these areas often precede clinical diagnosis of the disease by several decades.)
The study identifies high levels of human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A and 7 in brain samples showing signs of AD neuropathology, compared with the lower levels found in normal brains. Further, through the careful comparison of large data sets of viral RNA and DNA with networks of human genes associated with AD and signposts of neuropathology, the study offers the first hints of the viral mechanisms that could trigger or exacerbate the disease.
The findings, originally hinted at from samples provided by Translational Genomics (TGen) in Phoenix, were confirmed in the Mount Sinai Brain Bank, and then replicated in samples from the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, and the Banner-Sun Health Research Institute's Brain and Body Donation Program.
Uninvited guests
According to Ben Readhead, lead author of the new study, the researchers' general goal was to discover disease mechanisms, including those that could be targeted by repurposed or investigational drug therapies. "We didn't go looking for viruses, but viruses sort of screamed out at us," Readhead said.
Although the study found a number of common viruses in normal aging brains, viral abundance of two key viruses--HHV 6A and 7--was greater in brains stricken with Alzheimer's.
"We were able to use a range of network biology approaches to tease apart how these viruses may be interacting with human genes we know are relevant to Alzheimer's," Readhead said.
Readhead is an assistant research professor in the NDRC, housed at ASU's Biodesign Institute. Much of the research described in the new study was performed in the laboratory of Joel Dudley, associate professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, associate research professor in the NDRC, and senior author of the paper in Neuron.
The nature and significance of viruses and other pathogens in the brain are currently hot topics in neuroscience, though the exploration is still in its early stages. One of the primary questions is whether such pathogens play an active, causative role in the disease or enter the brain simply as opportunistic passengers, taking advantage of the neural deterioration characteristic of AD.
"Previous studies of viruses and Alzheimer's have always been very indirect and correlative. But we were able to perform a more sophisticated computational analysis using multiple levels of genomic information measured directly from affected brain tissue. This analysis allowed us to identify how the viruses are directly interacting with or coregulating known Alzheimer's genes," says Dudley. "I don't think we can answer whether herpesviruses are a primary cause of Alzheimer's disease. But what's clear is that they're perturbing and participating in networks that directly underlie Alzheimer's pathophysiology."
Network news
The new study uses a network biology approach to holistically incorporate molecular, clinical and neuropathological features of AD with viral activity in the brain. Using techniques in bioinformatics, the study integrates high-throughput data into probabilistic networks that are postulated to account for the associations between herpes viruses and the telltale effects of AD.
The networks described suggest that the hallmarks of AD may arise as collateral damage caused by the brain's response to viral insult. According to the so-called pathogen hypothesis of AD, the brain reacts to infection by engulfing viruses with the protein amyloid beta (Aβ), sequestering the invaders and preventing them from binding with cell surfaces and inserting their viral genetic payload into healthy cells.
As Readhead explains, "a number of viruses looked interesting. We saw a key virus, HHV 6A, regulating the expression of quite a few AD risk genes and genes known to regulate the processing of amyloid, a key ingredient in AD neuropathology." (Amyloid concentrations form characteristic plaques in the brain. These plaques, along with neurofibrillary tangles formed by another protein, known as tau, are the microscopic brain abnormalities used to diagnosis Alzheimer's.)
Both HHV 6A, and 7 are common herpesviruses belonging to the genus Roseolovirus. Most people are exposed to them early in life. The likely route of entry for such viruses is through the nasopharyngeal lining. The higher abundance of these viruses in AD-affected brains may initiate an immune cascade leading to deterioration and cell death or act in other ways to promote AD.
Mounting evidence
The results from human brain tissue were further supplemented by mouse studies. Here, researchers examined the effect of depleting miR155, a small snippet of RNA (or micro RNA) that is an important regulator of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Results showed increased deposition of amyloid plaques in miR155-depleted mice, coupled with behavioral changes. As the authors note, HHV 6A is known to deplete miR155, lending further weight to a viral contribution to AD.
The new research is the fruitful result of close working relationships among researchers from Arizona State University, Banner, Mount Sinai, and other research organizations, as well as public-private partnerships in AMP-AD.
"This study illustrates the promise of leveraging human brain samples, emerging big data analysis methods, converging findings from experimental models, and intensely collaborative approaches in the scientific understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the discovery of new treatments," said study co-author Eric Reiman, Executive Director of the Banner Alzheimer's Institute and University Professor of Neuroscience at Arizona State University. "We are excited about the chance to capitalize on this approach to help in the scientific understanding, treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases."
Enemy with a thousand faces
In the meantime, Alzheimer's continues its devastating trajectory. Among the many challenges facing researchers is the fact that the earliest effects of the disease on vulnerable brain regions occur 20 or 30 years before memory loss, confusion, mood changes and other clinical symptoms appear. Without a cure or effective treatment, AD is expected to strike a new victim in the United States every 33 seconds by mid-century and costs are projected to exceed $1 trillion annually.
The research study does not suggest that Alzheimer's disease is contagious. But if viruses or other infections are confirmed to have roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, it could set the stage for researchers to find novel anti-viral or immune therapies to combat the disease, even before the onset of symptoms.
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More on this research is available in announcements from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NIH/National Institute on Aging and Cell Press, the publisher of Neuron.
More info: NIH/National Institute on Aging: https://bit.ly/2HRBzi6
Additional contributors to the study include: Center for NFL Neurological Care, Department of Neurology, New York; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA.
Postmortem brain tissue was collected through the NIH-designated NeuroBioBank (NBB) System that contributes to support of the Mount Sinai VA/Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Brain Bank (AG005138).
The Dudley Laboratory at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has an institutional partnership with Banner-ASU Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center.
Postmortem brain tissue was collected through the NIH-designated NeuroBioBank (NBB) System that contributes to support of the Mount Sinai VA/Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Brain Bank (AG005138). Dr. Vahram Haroutunian from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine is Director of the NeuroBioBank.
Additional postmortem data collection was supported through funding by NIA grants P50 AG016574, R01 AG032990, U01 AG046139, R01 AG018023, U01 AG006576, U01 AG006786, R01 AG025711, R01 AG017216, R01 AG003949, R01 NS080820, Cure PSP Foundation, and support from Mayo Foundation, U24 NS072026, P30 AG19610, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research P30AG10161, R01AG15819, R01AG17917, R01AG30146, R01AG36836, U01AG32984, U01AG46152, the Illinois Department of Public Health, and the Translational Genomics Research Institute.
Additional work performed in this study was supported by U01 AG046170, R56AG058469, and philanthropic financial support was provided by Katherine Gehl.
About the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University
The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University works to improve human health and quality of life through its translational research mission in health care, energy and the environment, global health and national security. Grounded on the premise that scientists can best solve complex problems by emulating nature, Biodesign serves as an innovation hub that fuses previously separate areas of knowledge to serve as a model for 21st century academic research. By fusing bioscience/biotechnology, nanoscale engineering and advanced computing, Biodesign's research scientists and students take an entrepreneurial team approach to accelerating discoveries to market. They also educate future generations of scientists by providing hands-on laboratory research training in state-of-the-art facilities for ASU students.
About the Mount Sinai Health System
The Mount Sinai Health System is New York City's largest integrated delivery system encompassing seven hospital campuses, a leading medical school, and a vast network of ambulatory practices throughout the greater New York region. Mount Sinai's vision is to produce the safest care, the highest quality, the highest satisfaction, the best access and the best value of any health system in the nation.
The System includes approximately 7,100 primary and specialty care physicians; 10 joint-venture ambulatory surgery centers; more than 140 ambulatory practices throughout the five boroughs of New York City, Westchester, Long Island, and Florida; and 31 affiliated community health centers. The Icahn School of Medicine is one of 3 medical schools that have earned distinction by multiple indicators: ranked in the top 20 by U.S. News & World Report's "Best Medical Schools", aligned with a U.S. News & World Report's "Honor Roll" Hospital, No. 13 in the nation for National Institutes of Health funding, and among the top 10 most innovative research institutions as ranked by the journal Nature in its Nature Innovation Index. This reflects a special level of excellence in education, clinical practice, and research. The Mount Sinai Hospital is ranked No. 18 on U.S. News & World Report's "Honor Roll" of top U.S. hospitals; it is one of the nation's top 20 hospitals in Cardiology/Heart Surgery, Diabetes/Endocrinology, Gastroenterology/GI Surgery, Geriatrics, Nephrology, and Neurology/Neurosurgery, and in the top 50 in four other specialties in the 2017-2018 "Best Hospitals" issue. Mount Sinai's Kravis Children's Hospital also is ranked in six out of ten pediatric specialties by U.S. News & World Report. The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai is ranked 12th nationally for Ophthalmology and 50th for Ear, Nose, and Throat, while Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Mount Sinai St. Luke's and Mount Sinai West are ranked regionally.
For more information, visit https://www.mountsinai.org or find Mount Sinai on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
About AMP-AD: The Alzheimer's disease initiative is a project of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership, a joint venture among the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, 12 biopharmaceutical and life science companies and 13 non-profit organizations, managed by the Foundation for the NIH, to identify and validate promising biological targets of disease. AMP-AD is one of the four initiatives under the AMP umbrella; the other three are focused on type 2 diabetes (AMP-T2D), rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (AMP-RA/SLE) and Parkinson's disease (AMP-PD). The AMP-AD knowledge portal already has over 1300 total users. To learn more about the AMP-AD Target Discovery and Preclinical Validation Project please visit: https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/amp-ad.
About the National Institute on Aging: The NIA leads the federal government effort conducting and supporting research on aging and the health and well-being of older people. The NIA is designated as the lead NIH institute for information on Alzheimer's disease. It provides information on age-related cognitive change and neurodegenerative disease, including participation in clinical studies, specifically on its Alzheimer's website.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.
Author Contacts:
Joel Dudley
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
joel.dudley@mssm.edu
Sam Gandy
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
samuel.gandy@mssm.edu
Ben Readhead
Banner-ASU, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center & Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
ben.readhead@asu.edu, ben.readhead@mssm.edu
Media Contacts:
Joseph Caspermeyer
Managing Editor
Biodesign Institute at ASU
(480) 727-0369
Joseph.Caspermeyer@asu.edu
Rachel Zuckerman
Associate Director of Media
Mount Sinai Health System
rachel.zuckerman@mountsinai.org
(917) 816-3475
Joe Balintfy
Office of Communications and Public Liaison
National Institute on Aging
(301) 496-1752
nianews3@mail.nih.gov
Journal
Neuron