image: This is Arul Chinnaiyan, M.D., Ph.D. view more
Credit: University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center
ANN ARBOR, Michigan -- New research suggests a novel strategy to target a genetic anomaly that occurs in half of all prostate cancers.
When the genes TMPRSS2 and ERG relocate on a chromosome and fuse together, it's an on-switch for prostate cancer development. But ERG has proven to be a challenging target for the type of small-molecule inhibitors that have had recent successes in treating cancer.
Now, researchers from the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center have targeted ERG using large molecule peptides. Studies in cell lines and animal models suggest this approach can effectively target and degrade the ERG fusion with little impact on regular cell function. Their findings are published in Cancer Cell.
"Targeting this gene fusion product has been a major challenge. We had to approach this through a different angle," says senior study author Arul M. Chinnaiyan, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Michigan Center for Translational Pathology and S.P. Hicks Professor of Pathology at Michigan Medicine.
The researchers identified a panel of peptides that interacted specifically with the ERG protein. They tested the panel in cell lines harboring the gene fusion and found the peptides disrupted ERG function. In cells without the gene fusion, the peptides had little or no impact on gene expression.
They also looked at how the peptides impacted other biological processes regulated by ERG. These tests suggested that the peptides very specifically target the gene fusion without affecting normal cellular functions.
One problem was that peptides degraded quickly, not lasting long enough to travel to the desired target. So the researchers generated mirror images of the peptides. These peptidomimetics avoid the machinery that causes degradation of normal peptides in the body, leading to longer stability.
Tests in animal models showed the peptidomimetics reduced the growth of prostate tumors that harbored the ERG fusion. After extended treatment, more than a third of the mouse tumors showed no signs of recurrence a month later.
"This is an example of how we can deliver precision therapy for prostate cancer: Only patients who have the ERG gene fusion would be matched with this agent. But it's useful because the ERG fusion is so prevalent," Chinnaiyan says.
One drawback to the peptide approach is that large molecules like this can't slip past the cell membrane. That means that the peptides need to modified in some way or be delivered across the cell membrane. Small molecules are the preferred target for drug development because they can get inside of cells and bind to their target more easily.
Chinnaiyan's team will next work to create a three-dimensional outline of how the peptides bind to ERG in the hopes of turning this into a small molecule to inhibit ERG. In parallel, researchers will focus on making the peptidomimetics work better, with more potency in degrading the target.
"This research will potentially develop a new targeted therapy for prostate cancer while we will simultaneously gain knowledge on the inhibition of a very complex gene that drives cancer," said Dr. Howard R. Soule, executive vice president and chief science officer of the Prostate Cancer Foundation, which funded this work.
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Additional authors: Xiaoju Wang, Yuanyuan Qiao, Irfan A. Asangani, Bushra Ateeq, Anton Poliakov, Marcin Cieslik, Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya, Balabhadrapatruni V.S.K. Chakravarthi, Xuhong Cao, Xiaojun Jing, Cynthia X. Wang, Ingrid J. Apel, Rui Wang, Jean Ching-Yi Tien, Kristin M. Juckette, Wei Yan, Hui Jiang, Shaomeng Wang, Sooryanarayana Varambally
Funding: Prostate Cancer Foundation Challenge Award; National Cancer Institute grants R01 CA132874, P50 CA69568, U01 CA113913, R01 CA157845, R01 CA154980; U.S. Department of Defense; AACR-Bayer Prostate Cancer Research Fellowship
Disclosure: The University of Michigan holds a patent on ETS gene fusions as a diagnostic for prostate cancer, which has been licensed to Hologic, where Chinnaiyan is named as a co-inventor. The university has also filed a patent on peptidomimetic inhibitors of ERG described in this study, in which Chinnaiyan and Xiaoju Wang are named as inventors and the patent has been licensed by OncoFusion Therapeutics. Chinnaiyan and Shaomeng Wang are co-founders of OncoFusion, own stock and serve as consultants.
Reference: Cancer Cell, doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.017
Resources:
University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, http://www.mcancer.org
Michigan Medicine Cancer AnswerLine, 800-865-1125
Michigan Health Lab, http://www.MichiganHealthLab.org
Journal
Cancer Cell