image: Research Associate Nathan Grubaugh (left) and Assistant Professor Kristian G. Andersen led the work at The Scripps Research Institute. view more
Credit: Madeline McCurry-Schmidt.
LA JOLLA, CA - November 3, 2016 - A new study co-led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) suggests that Ebola virus gained a genetic mutation during the 2013-16 epidemic that appears to have helped it better target human cells.
"There was this belief that Ebola virus essentially never changes," said TSRI infectious disease researcher Kristian G. Andersen, who also serves as director of infectious disease genomics at the Scripps Translational Science Institute (STSI). "But this study tells us that a natural mutation in Ebola virus--which occurred during an outbreak--changed infectivity of human cells."
The research, published November 3, 2016 in the journal Cell, was co-led by Andersen, Jeremy Luban of the University of Massachusetts Medical School and Pardis Sabeti of the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. The new study accompanies a second paper in Cell led by an independent group of scientists at The University of Nottingham.
Scientists Spot Key Mutation
For the new study, Andersen and his colleagues used a sequence catalog of viral genomes previously generated from 1,438 of the more than 28,000 known Ebola cases during the recent outbreak. The new study in Cell is therefore an unprecedented approach to studying Ebola virus. Every previous outbreak had been relatively small, so researchers had never before been able to examine the genomes from this many Ebola cases.
As they sorted through these sequences, a mutation on a site on Ebola's outer protein, called its glycoprotein, caught the scientists' attention. Because the glycoprotein of Ebola virus binds to its receptor on host cells, mutations in that site can affect a virus's ability to infect.
"This receptor binding domain of the virus has been the same since the first Ebola outbreak in 1976," said Andersen. "This is the only time we've ever seen a mutation in this domain."
The researchers found that the version of Ebola virus carrying the mutation, called GP-A82V, emerged early in the epidemic before Ebola virus cases began increasing exponentially. Overall, they estimate that the GP-A82V version of Ebola virus caused about 90 percent of infections in the recent outbreak.
Adapting to Human Hosts
Next, the scientists tested GP-A82V's reaction to many types of animal cells and found that the mutation specifically helps the virus infect primate cells.
The researchers believe the size of the outbreak made detecting this kind of mutation more likely. Scientists suspect that Ebola normally lives in bats--but with more human hosts, the virus had more opportunities to adapt to humans.
"We think this shows that when you have large outbreaks, of Ebola or other viruses, you could have these events where they may evolve to become more successful in a new host," explained TSRI Research Associate Nathan Grubaugh, who served as first author of the study with William E. Diehl of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Aaron E. Lin of the Broad Institute and Luiz Max Carvalho of the University of Edinburgh.
The researchers are not sure exactly how this mutation boosts the virus's ability to enter human cells. One hypothesis is that the mutation shifts nearby amino acids in the Ebola virus receptor binding domain, helping the glycoprotein better fit with the human host receptor--like a key in a lock.
Importance for Future Outbreaks
Andersen emphasized that the GP-A82V form of Ebola virus is most likely no longer a threat. "It's important to understand that once the outbreak is over, this particular virus will likely disappear," Andersen said. Instead, the findings are important because they answer the question of whether Ebola virus can gain mutations during outbreaks that can potentially change the function of viral proteins.
Andersen and Grubaugh also see this study as an example of how genome sequencing can help researchers respond more quickly to epidemics and tailor therapies to the specific strain of a virus active in an outbreak. "This sort of work can affect decision making," said Andersen.
The researchers credited their collaboration with other laboratories for making this study possible. "Because of this collaboration, and how other groups quickly made their research data publically available, we were able to track how the virus changed," said Grubaugh.
The next steps will be to examine other mutations that showed up during the recent outbreak. The researchers would also like to see if increased infectivity changes mortality rates and the likelihood of a person transmitting the disease. "Along with the accompanying study in Cell, this research shows how mutations in Ebola virus can change infectivity of cells in experimental systems, but we don't know how these findings translate to Ebola virus infection of complicated organisms, including humans," Grubaugh said. "For future studies, that will be critically important to find out."
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Additional authors of the study, "Ebola Virus Glycoprotein with Increased Infectivity Dominated the 2013-2016 Epidemic," were Kyusik Kim, Sean M. McCauley, Pyae Phyo Kyawe, Elisa Donnard, Alper Kucukural, Patrick McDonel and Manuel Garber of the University of Massachusetts Medical School; Stephen F. Schaffner of the Broad Institute; and Andrew Rambaut of the University of Edinburgh.
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, grant DP1DA034990), the NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, grants R01AI111809, U19AI110818 and HHSN272201400048C), the NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI, grants 1U01HG007910 and 5T32AI007244-33), the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS, grant UL1TR001114), a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator award, the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, grant 278433-PREDEMICS), the National Science Foundation (grant DGE 1144152) and the NIH (grant U19AI110818).
Journal
Cell