A new marine biodiversity study in one of the largest Marine Protected Areas in the world reveals the impact of environmental change on subantarctic seabed animals and answers big questions about the extent of South Georgia's ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum around 20,000 years ago.
Reporting this week in the Journal of Biogeography researchers at British Antarctic Survey (BAS) describe how colonies of seabed creatures, such as sea sponges - that play an important role in absorbing and storing carbon from the atmosphere - can take thousands of years to recover from major glaciation events.
A key ambition for the study was to use biology to investigate two conflicting theories about the extent of ice cover during the period when the ice sheet was at its greatest extent. Whilst some researchers estimate the sheet was largely confined to fjords around the subantarctic island of South Georgia, others suggest it could have extended across the continental shelf.
This new study suggests an intermediate cover. The ice sheet probably extended over most of the continental shelf (covering an area of 40,000km2), but some of the eastern sector and troughs in the shelf appear to have remained ice free. There is evidence that seabed creatures survived in the ice-free zones whilst in other areas they were removed by grounded ice.
The scientists used an underwater camera lander and a trawl to survey seabed fauna around the continental shelf. They found the fauna was richer at the edge where the advancing ice sheet had transported boulders, rocks and sediments (areas known as moraines). This process could have potentially bulldozed all seabed life off the continental shelf. Only animals at the outer edge, on these moraines, were able to survive.
Lead author David Barnes, from BAS, says:
"Biology can tell us a lot about ice sheet extent during the last glaciation and the survival of ocean ecosystems. Remarkably it seems that most seabed species, especially the less mobile ones, have not moved far back to recolonize the coast the inner shelf and coastal areas despite having thousands of years to recover. Only the more mobile species such as Antarctic sea spiders and brittle-stars have managed to make their way back. It is reasonable to conclude that most of the continental shelf is still undergoing recolonisation 20,000 years after the grounded ice started to retreat."
Co-author, Chester Sands, a molecular ecologist at BAS, says there are considerable implications for marine conservation:
"This study gives us a clearer understanding about this important Southern Ocean ecosystem. This subantarctic region is biologically diverse and an important habitat for rare and endemic species. Long-term conservation monitoring plans will benefit from this new knowledge."
###
Funding for this research came from the UK's Darwin Initiative. Deployments of the underwater camera and trawls took place during the 2011 and 2013 research cruises of the RRS James Clark Ross.
Issued by the British Antarctic Survey Press Office:
Paul Seagrove, Tel: +44 (0)1223 221414; mobile: 07736 921693; email psea@bas.ac.uk
Athena Dinar, Tel: +44 (0)1223 221 441; mobile: 07909 008516; email: amdi@bas.ac.uk
Notes for editors:
The paper: "Biodiversity signature of the Last Glacial Maximum at South Georgia, Southern Ocean" by David Barnes, Chester Sands, Oliver Hogg, Ben Robinson, Rachel Downey and James Smith is published by the Journal of Biogeography: {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12855
Stills are available from the BAS Press Office.
Geographical detail about the subantarctic South Georgia:
The ocean surrounding the subantarctic island of South Georgia is one of the most biologically rich in the world. The marine ecosystem supports a wide range of predators such as whales, penguins and seals as well as commercial fishing activity.
The biodiversity in the seas around South Georgia performs an important function in accumulating and storing carbon. The carbon is absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere and is soaked up by algae which is eaten by animals on the seabed. When these animals die, the carbon they've absorbed can be buried with them.
British Antarctic Survey (BAS), an institute of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), delivers and enables world-leading interdisciplinary research in the Polar Regions. Its skilled science and support staff based in Cambridge, Antarctica and the Arctic, work together to deliver research that uses the Polar Regions to advance our understanding of Earth as a sustainable planet. Through its extensive logistic capability and know-how BAS facilitates access for the British and international science community to the UK polar research operation. Numerous national and international collaborations, combined with an excellent infrastructure help sustain a world leading position for the UK in Antarctic affairs. For more information visit http://www.bas.ac.uk
Journal
Journal of Biogeography