Advanced economy nations led by Ireland, Singapore, Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States have the highest per capita number of clinics engaging in direct-to-consumer marketing of stem cell therapies, according to the world's largest-ever study of such clinics.
Published today in the journal, Cell Stem Cell, the new study reveals murky marketing practices and dubious claims from 417 unique websites advertising stem cell-based therapies in what experts call an "under-regulated industry".
"In the early days of this under-regulated industry, clinics were typically located in developing economies, where weak laws or lax enforcement enabled these businesses to operate with relative impunity," says the University of Sydney's Professor John Rasko, the study's senior author.
Previously it was thought that stem cell tourism offered online was predominately being promoted from countries in South East Asia, Russia and Eastern Europe.
"More recently, richer countries such as Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States have seen clinics take advantage of real or imagined gaps in regulation."
For years, stem cell experts called for the closure of a loophole allowing doctors to administer costly, unproven and potentially dangerous stem cell therapies in Australia, highlighted by a July 15th coroner's finding that a Sydney woman's death resulted from the "poor performance" of a doctor who gave her stem cell therapy.
"The loophole applies to stem cells taken from one's own body for use in autologous stem cell transplants. The Medical Council of NSW, Australian Academy of Science and the National Health and Medical Research Council proposed much stronger regulations, but the Therapeutic Goods Association has still not made a decision."
The study reveals that great majority of websites (83 percent) offered adult stem cells, followed by stem cells of unspecified type (13percent). The remainder offered embryonic, induced pluripotent, or fetal stem cells (8pc) or amniotic stem cells (1pc). About half the sites (52pc) did not indicate the donor source of cells.
Websites were frequently imprecise about the medical conditions for which they offered interventions and used inconsistent terminology or categories of diseases across sites.
Websites most commonly targeted anti-aging/skincare stem cell applications (47pc), indicating that marketers offer interventions for lifestyle or aesthetic, rather than strictly medical, concerns.
Such claims are typically made without supporting evidence from randomised, controlled independent clinical trials and lack market authorisation from a regulatory authority.
The highest number of clinics undertaking direct-to-consumer marketing was overwhelmingly found in the USA (187 clinics), followed by India (35), Mexico (28), China (23), Australia (19), and the UK (16). But taking into account the population (per 10 Million citizens), Australia (8.1) was only behind Ireland (11.2) and Singapore (10.0) among advanced economies.
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Journal
Cell Stem Cell