image: The fungi <i>Aspergillus niger</i> (top left), <i>Penicillium simplicissimum</i> (top right) and <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> (bottom) can recycle cobalt and lithium from rechargeable batteries. view more
Credit: Aldo Lobos
PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 21, 2016 -- Although rechargeable batteries in smartphones, cars and tablets can be charged again and again, they don't last forever. Old batteries often wind up in landfills or incinerators, potentially harming the environment. And valuable materials remain locked inside. Now, a team of researchers is turning to naturally occurring fungi to drive an environmentally friendly recycling process to extract cobalt and lithium from tons of waste batteries.
The researchers will present their work today at the 252nd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS). ACS, the world's largest scientific society, is holding the meeting here through Thursday. It features more than 9,000 presentations on a wide range of science topics.
"The idea first came from a student who had experience extracting some metals from waste slag left over from smelting operations," says Jeffrey A. Cunningham, Ph.D., the project's team leader. "We were watching the huge growth in smartphones and all the other products with rechargeable batteries, so we shifted our focus. The demand for lithium is rising rapidly, and it is not sustainable to keep mining new lithium resources," he adds.
Although a global problem, the U.S. leads the way as the largest generator of electronic waste. It is unclear how many electronic products are recycled. Most likely, many head to a landfill to slowly break down in the environment or go to an incinerator to be burned, generating potentially toxic air emissions.
While other methods exist to separate lithium, cobalt and other metals, they require high temperatures and harsh chemicals. Cunningham's team is developing an environmentally safe way to do this with organisms found in nature -- fungi in this case -- and putting them in an environment where they can do their work. "Fungi are a very cheap source of labor," he points out.
To drive the process, Cunningham and Valerie Harwood, Ph.D., both at the University of South Florida, are using three strains of fungi -- Aspergillus niger, Penicillium simplicissimum and Penicillium chrysogenum. "We selected these strains of fungi because they have been observed to be effective at extracting metals from other types of waste products," Cunningham says. "We reasoned that the extraction mechanisms should be similar, and, if they are, these fungi could probably work to extract lithium and cobalt from spent batteries."
The team first dismantles the batteries and pulverizes the cathodes. Then, they expose the remaining pulp to the fungus. "Fungi naturally generate organic acids, and the acids work to leach out the metals," Cunningham explains. "Through the interaction of the fungus, acid and pulverized cathode, we can extract the valuable cobalt and lithium. We are aiming to recover nearly all of the original material."
Results so far show that using oxalic acid and citric acid, two of the organic acids generated by the fungi, up to 85 percent of the lithium and up to 48 percent of the cobalt from the cathodes of spent batteries were extracted. Gluconic acid, however, was not effective for extracting either metal.
The cobalt and lithium remain in a liquid acidic medium after fungal exposure, Cunningham notes. Now his focus is on how to get the two elements out of that liquid.
"We have ideas about how to remove cobalt and lithium from the acid, but at this point, they remain ideas," he says. "However, figuring out the initial extraction with fungi was a big step forward."
Other researchers are also using fungi to extract metals from electronic scrap, but Cunningham believes his team is the only one studying fungal bioleaching for spent rechargeable batteries.
Cunningham, Harwood and graduate student Aldo Lobos are now exploring different fungal strains, the acids they produce and the acids' efficiencies at extracting metals in different environments.
A press conference on this topic will be held Monday, Aug. 22, at 10:45 a.m. Eastern time in the Pennsylvania Convention Center.Reporters may check-in at Room 307 in person, or watch live on YouTube. To ask questions online, sign in with a Google account.
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The team has received funding for this project from the National Science Foundation.
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Title
Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent rechargeable batteries by fungal bioleaching
Abstract
Mobile phones, portable music players, laptop computers, "tablet" computers, and cameras all make use of rechargeable batteries, with lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries now dominating the market. It is uncertain that the demand for lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co), required in the form of LiCoO2 for the cathode of Li-ion batteries, can be met by the available supply. Furthermore, it is estimated that by the year 2030, we will be disposing of 30,000 metric tons of Li-ion batteries per year. From the standpoint of environmental sustainability, a method for recovering Li and Co from spent Li-ion batteries is required. This will serve the multiple purposes of meeting growing demand for Li and Co, creating a market for the "waste" product of spent batteries (thereby keeping them out of landfills and incinerators), and reducing environmental harm incurred by mining of virgin Li and Co. Fungal bioleaching is a possible method for extracting (and subsequently recovering) Li and Co from spent rechargeable batteries. Fungal bioleaching is based on the biogenic production of organic acids that are capable of extracting Li and Co from spent batteries; this method potentially has economic and environmental advantages over other candidate leaching/extraction methods.
We are currently assessing the potential of three candidate fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Peniciliium simplicissimum) to leach Li and Co from the cathodes of spent Li-ion batteries. Our results so far show that the candidate fungal strains grow rapidly in either of two growth media (Czapek Dox broth or Sabouraud dextrose broth), reaching concentrations of ~6 g/L only a few days after inoculation from a spore suspension. The pH in the growth media drops rapidly (from ~7 to <3 within 48 hours) due to the biogeneration of organic acids, predominantly oxalic acid, gluconic acid, and citric acid, with lower levels of tartaric acid and malic acid also produced. Under conditions tested so far, oxalic acid and citric acid were able to extract up to 85% of Li and up to 48% of Co from the cathodes of spent batteries; gluconic acid was not effective for extraction of either metal. In this presentation, the latest results will be presented, and the extraction performance of biogenic organic acids will be compared to the performance of commercially purchased organic and inorganic acids (e.g., HCl). The tolerance of the fungi to potentially toxic extracted metals will also be discussed.