image: After pollination, pollen must hydrate, germinate, develop sperm, and grow a pollen tube to reach an ovule and egg. These performance functions are constrained to occur between stigma receptivity and egg maturity. Often, pollen must also compete with other pollen for access to eggs, as shown here on the stigma of <i>Hibiscus moscheutos</i>. Pollen tube growth rates in <i>Hibiscus</i> are 10 to 100 times faster than those of the majority of other angiosperms, a pattern that may have evolved via a combination of the effects of pollen competition and the elongation of the <i>Hibiscus</i> style. Yet <i>Hibiscus</i> pollen tubes display a relatively expensive pattern of growth, suggesting stylar resources are not strongly limiting their growth. These and many other topics are explored in this special issue, "The Ecology and Evolution of Pollen Performance," which brings together new and interesting ideas about the many forces that affect pollen functional biology. Topics range from mechanistic aspects of pollen germination and growth, to ecological effects on growth, to the consequences of natural and sexual selection on performance traits. view more
Credit: Image credit: Jacob A. Edwards.
Pollen grains may be small but they have a big job. Delivering a sperm to an egg is a little more complicated when the parents don't move around. For plants, pollen success means reaching a receptive stigma, germinating and growing a pollen tube into the ovary, locating an ovule, and only then entering and delivering a sperm to a receptive egg. Despite the importance of these events to plant reproduction, pollen performance is relatively understudied.
"For my part, in trying to understand the early evolution of male gametophyte performance traits in flowering plants, I found it frustrating that so much of the research was focused on consequences for sporophyte fitness alone," says Dr. Joe Williams, a professor at the University of Tennessee. "Where were the papers on gametophyte fitness traits?"
To address the gap, Dr. Williams, along with Dr. Susan Mazer, a professor at the University of California-Santa Barbara, organised a symposium at Botany 2014 that culminated in the recent American Journal of Botany Special Issue, "The Ecology and Evolution of Pollen Performance". "We soon found a surprising number of labs around the world interested in pollen evolution from a functional standpoint," said Dr. Mazer.
Although many only turn their thoughts to pollen as allergy season approaches, the Special Issue articles show that a diverse array of researchers are actively pursuing research in pollen performance. Like the more obvious competition among animal sperm, interactions between pollen grains can also drive fitness outcomes (Harder et al., 2016; Swanson et al., 2016), although it is not always simple (Swanson et al., 2016) and we may need to change the approach of how competition is manipulated to accurately study it (Pélabon et al., 2016). But success is not all up to traits of the male, since the interactions between pollen and female tissues can also explain some of the variability in pollen performance (Cruzan and Barrett, 2016; Lankinen et al., 2016; Mazer et al., 2016).
Pollen structure has long been used to classify plants, but these traits can also have function (Banks and Rudall, 2016), and a number of the papers explore these pollen traits in detail. Upon landing on a stigma, pollen needs to transition from a desiccated dominant state to a hydrated germinating grain, and this can be governed by the number of apertures (Prieu et al., 2016) and the hydrogel properties (Vieira and Feijó, 2016). Pollen size can also be important for fitness (Marshall and Evans, 2016; McCallum and Chang, 2016), but so is pollen tube growth rate (Williams et al., 2016). These examples suggest there is knowledge to be gained by zooming in on these tiny gametophytes.
By focusing on the microscopic traits of individual grains, articles in the special issue also expand out to understanding the effects of other processes on pollen performance such as inbreeding (Husband, 2016) and disease (Harth et al., 2016). Taking a further step back, interactions with pollinators can affect pollen performance (Arceo-Gómez et al., 2016), and comparisons of pollen performance between core populations and range limits can provide further insights (Castilla et al., 2016; Wagner et al., 2016).
The collection of papers gathers together diverse perspectives on pollen performance and lays out clear examples of how to test these ideas. Representing a broad range of taxa and approaches to studying pollen performance (Williams and Mazer, 2016), this Special Issue is likely to "ignite renewed interest in pollen performance, particularly among young researchers" according to Dr. Mazer. Dr. Williams suggests, "Surely the time is ripe for evolutionary biologists to refine their ideas based on our deeper understanding of the traits that determine gametophyte fitness."
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Williams, J. H., and S. J. Mazer. 2016. Pollen--Tiny and ephemeral but not forgotten: New ideas on their ecology and evolution. American Journal of Botany 103: 365-374.
Articles in this issue:
Arceo-Gómez, G., L. Abdala-Roberts, A. Jankowiak, C. Kohler, G. A. Meindl, C. M. Navarro-Fernández, V. Parra-Tabla, et al. 2016. Patterns of among- and within-species variation in heterospecific pollen receipt: The importance of ecological generalization. American Journal of Botany 103: 396-407.
Banks, H., and P. J. Rudall. 2016. Pollen structure and function in caesalpinioid legumes. American Journal of Botany 103: 423-436.
Castilla, A. R., C. Alonso, and C. M. Herrera. 2016. To be or not to be better pollinated: Differences between sex morphs in marginal gynodioecious populations. American Journal of Botany 103: 388-395.
Cruzan, M. B., and S. C. H. Barrett. 2016. Postpollination discrimination between self and outcross pollen covaries with the mating system of a self-compatible flowering plant. American Journal of Botany 103: 568-576.
Harder, L. D., M. A. Aizen, S. A. Richards, M. A. Joseph, and J. W. Busch. 2016. Diverse ecological relations of male gametophyte populations in stylar environments. American Journal of Botany 103: 484-497.
Harth, J. E., J. A. Winsor, D. R. Weakland, K. J. Nowak, M. J. Ferrari, and A. G. Stephenson. 2016. Effects of virus infection on pollen production and pollen performance: Implications for the spread of resistance alleles. American Journal of Botany 103: 577-583.
Husband, B. C. 2016. Effect of inbreeding on pollen tube growth in diploid and tetraploid Chamerion angustifolium: Do polyploids mask mutational load in pollen? American Journal of Botany 103: 532-540.
Lankinen, Å., H. G. Smith, S. Andersson, and J. A. Madjidian. 2016. Selection on pollen and pistil traits during pollen competition is affected by both sexual conflict and mixed mating in a self-compatible herb. American Journal of Botany 103: 541-552.
Marshall, D. L., and A. S. Evans. 2016. Can selection on a male mating character result in evolutionary change? A selection experiment on California wild radish, Raphanus sativus. American Journal of Botany 103: 553-567.
Mazer, S. J., A. Moghaddasi, A. K. Bello, and A. A. Hove. 2016. Winning in style: Longer styles receive more pollen, but style length does not affect pollen attrition in wild Clarkia populations. American Journal of Botany 103: 408-422.
McCallum, B., and S.-M. Chang. 2016. Pollen competition in style: Effects of pollen size on siring success in the hermaphroditic common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. American Journal of Botany 103: 460-470.
Pélabon, C., L. Hennet, G. H. Bolstad, E. Albertsen, Ø. H. Opedal, R. K. Ekrem, and W. S. Armbruster. 2016. Does stronger pollen competition improve offspring fitness when pollen load does not vary? American Journal of Botany 103: 522-531.
Prieu, C., A. Matamoro-Vidal, C. Raquin, A. Dobritsa, R. Mercier, P.-H. Gouyon, and B. Albert. 2016. Aperture number influences pollen survival in Arabidopsis mutants. American Journal of Botany 103: 452-459.
Swanson, R. J., A. T. Hammond, A. L. Carlson, H. Gong, and T. K. Donovan. 2016. Pollen performance traits reveal prezygotic nonrandom mating and interference competition in Arabidopsis thaliana. American Journal of Botany 103: 498-513.
Vieira, A. M., and J. A. Feijó. 2016. Hydrogel control of water uptake by pectins during in vitro pollen hydration of Eucalyptus globulus. American Journal of Botany 103: 437-451.
Wagner, J., M. Lechleitner, and D. Hosp. 2016. Pollen limitation is not the rule in nival plants: A study from the European Central Alps. American Journal of Botany 103: 375-387.
Williams, J. H., J. A. Edwards, and A. J. Ramsey. 2016. Economy, efficiency, and the evolution of pollen tube growth rates. American Journal of Botany 103: 471-483.
Wipf, H. M.-L., G. A. Meindl, and T.-L. Ashman. 2016. A first test of elemental allelopathy via heterospecific pollen receipt. American Journal of Botany 103: 514-521.
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