Overdose deaths from common sedatives have surged, new study finds

Feb. 18, 2016 -- (BRONX, NY) -- Headlines about America's worsening drug epidemic have focused on deaths from opioids -- heroin and prescription painkillers such as OxyContin. But overdose deaths have also soared among the millions of Americans using benzodiazepine drugs, a class of sedatives that includes Xanax, Valium, and Klonopin, according to a study led by researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System and the Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania. Their findings appear online today in the American Journal of Public Health.

"We found that the death rate from overdoses involving benzodiazepines, also known as 'benzos,' has increased more than four-fold since 1996 -- a public health problem that has gone under the radar," said lead author Marcus Bachhuber, M.D., MS., assistant professor of medicine at Einstein and attending physician, internal medicine at Montefiore. "Overdoses from benzodiazepines have increased at a much faster rate than prescriptions for the drugs, indicating that people have been taking them in a riskier way over time."

An estimated 1 in 20 U.S. adults fills a benzodiazepine prescription during the course of a year. The drugs are prescribed for conditions including anxiety, mood disorders and insomnia.

In 2013, benzodiazepine overdoses accounted for 31 percent of the nearly 23,000 deaths from prescription drug overdoses in the U.S. But little was known about the national trends in benzodiazepine prescribing or in fatalities from the drugs. To find out, the researchers examined data for the years 1996-2013 from two sources:

• The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. This federally sponsored survey includes a nationally representative sample of families and individuals who provide information about healthcare purchases including prescription drugs.

• Multiple-cause-of-death data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The researchers extracted reports from physicians, medical examiners or coroners on all overdose deaths involving a benzodiazepine, including deaths also involving other medications, alcohol or illicit drugs.

Their analysis revealed that the number of adults purchasing a benzodiazepine prescription increased by 67 percent over the 18-year period, from 8.1 million prescriptions in 1996 to 13.5 million in 2013. For those obtaining benzodiazepine prescriptions, the average quantity filled during the year more than doubled between 1996 and 2013. Most crucially, the overdose death rate over the 18-year period increased from 0.58 deaths per 100,000 adults in 1996 to 3.14 deaths per 100,000 adults in 2013, a more than four-fold increase. Overall, the rate of overdose deaths from benzodiazepines has leveled off since 2010. But for a few groups -- adults aged 65 and over and for blacks and Hispanics -- the rate of overdose deaths after 2010 continued to rise.

"The greater quantity of benzodiazepines prescribed to patients -- more than doubling over the time period -- suggests a higher daily dose or more days of treatment, either of which could increase the risk of fatal overdose," said senior author Joanna Starrels, M.D., M.S., associate professor of medicine at Einstein and attending physician, internal medicine at Montefiore.

Dr. Starrels also offered two other possible reasons for the spike in benzodiazepine deaths. "People at high risk for fatal overdose may be obtaining diverted benzodiazepines [i.e., not from medical providers], and we know that combining benzodiazepines with alcohol or drugs -- including opioid painkillers -- can lead to fatal overdoses," she said. She noted that opioid prescribing has increased rapidly during most of the period covered in her study and that opioids are involved in 75 percent of overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines.

"An obvious way to improve benzodiazepine safety would be for people to reduce their use of these medicines," said study co-author Chinazo Cunningham, M.D., M.S., professor of medicine and of family and social medicine at Einstein and associate chief of the division of general internal medicine at Einstein and Montefiore. "But we should also be emphasizing the danger of fatal overdose from taking benzodiazepines concurrently with opioid painkillers or with alcohol."

"This epidemic is almost entirely preventable, as the most common reason to use benzodiazepines is anxiety -- which can be treated effectively and much more safely with talk therapy," said Sean Hennessy, Pharm.D., Ph.D., professor of epidemiology at Penn's Perelman School of Medicine and co-author of the study. "Given the high prevalence of anxiety symptoms, we need a more constructive approach to the problem than popping pills."

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The study is titled "Increasing benzodiazepine prescription and overdose mortality in the United States, 1996-2013." The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH K24DA036955, R25DA023021 and K23DA027719). The authors report no conflicts of interest.

About Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Albert Einstein College of Medicine is one of the nation's premier centers for research, medical education and clinical investigation. During the 2015-2016 academic year, Einstein is home to 731 M.D. students, 193 Ph.D. students, 106 students in the combined M.D./Ph.D. program, and 278 postdoctoral research fellows. The College of Medicine has more than 1,900 full-time faculty members located on the main campus and at its clinical affiliates. In 2015, Einstein received $148 million in awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This includes the funding of major research centers at Einstein in aging, intellectual development disorders, diabetes, cancer, clinical and translational research, liver disease, and AIDS. Other areas where the College of Medicine is concentrating its efforts include developmental brain research, neuroscience, cardiac disease, and initiatives to reduce and eliminate ethnic and racial health disparities. Its partnership with Montefiore Medical Center, the University Hospital and academic medical center for Einstein, advances clinical and translational research to accelerate the pace at which new discoveries become the treatments and therapies that benefit patients. Through its extensive affiliation network involving Montefiore, Jacobi Medical Center -- Einstein's founding hospital, and three other hospital systems in the Bronx, Brooklyn and on Long Island, Einstein runs one of the largest residency and fellowship training programs in the medical and dental professions in the United States. For more information, please visit, read our blog, follow us on Twitter , like us on Facebook, and view us on YouTube.

About Montefiore Health System

Montefiore Health System is a premier academic health system and the University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Combining nationally-recognized clinical excellence with a population health perspective that focuses on the comprehensive needs of the communities it serves, Montefiore delivers coordinated, compassionate, science-driven care where, when and how patients need it most. Montefiore consists of eight hospitals and an extended care facility with a total of 2,747 beds, a School of Nursing, and state-of-the-art primary and specialty care provided through a network of more than 150 locations across the region, including the largest school health program in the nation and a home health program. The Children's Hospital at Montefiore is consistently named in U.S. News' "America's Best Children's Hospitals." Montefiore's partnership with Einstein advances clinical and translational research to accelerate the pace at which new discoveries become the treatments and therapies that benefit patients. The health system derives its inspiration for excellence from its patients and community, and continues to be on the frontlines of developing innovative approaches to care. For more information please visit http://www.montefiore.org/. Follow us on Twitter; like us on Facebook ; view us on YouTube.

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