Dr Jolyon Troscianko, from the University of Exeter, and Dr Christian Rutz, from the University of St Andrews, have captured first video recordings documenting how these tropical corvids fashion these particularly complex tools in the wild.
The pair developed tiny video 'spy-cameras' which were attached to the crows, to observe their natural foraging behaviour.
They discovered two instances of hooked stick tool making on the footage they recorded, with one crow spending a minute making the tool, before using it to probe for food in tree crevices and even in leaf litter on the ground.
The findings are reported in the Royal Society's journal Biology Letters on Wednesday, December 23.
Dr Troscianko is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Exeter's Biosciences Department based at the Penryn Campus in Cornwall, who worked on the project while at the University of Birmingham.
He said: "While fieldworkers had previously obtained brief glimpses of hooked stick tool manufacture, the only video footage to date came from baited feeding sites, where tool raw materials and probing tasks had been provided to crows by scientists. We were keen to get close-up video of birds making these tools under completely natural conditions."
"New Caledonian crows are notoriously difficult to observe, not just because of the challenging terrain of their tropical habitats, but also because they can be quite sensitive to disturbance. By documenting their fascinating behaviour with this new camera technology, we obtained valuable insights into the importance of tools in their daily search for food."
To obtain a 'crow's-eye view' of this elusive behaviour, the two researchers developed video cameras that are attached to the crows' tail feathers. The cameras are about the weight of a British 2-pound coin, and a tiny integrated radio beacon let the scientists recover the devices once they had safely detached after a few days. Dr Christian Rutz, Reader in the School of Biology in St Andrews, explains: "These cameras store video footage on a micro-SD card, using technology similar to that found in people's smart phones. This produced video recordings of stunning quality."
The team deployed 19 cameras on crows at their chosen dry forest study site, where in hundreds of hours of fieldwork, despite two brief glimpses with binoculars, they had never managed to film crows manufacturing hooked stick tools.
The team were excited to record two instances of this behaviour on footage recovered from ten birds in their latest study.
Troscianko noted: "The behaviour is easy to miss - the first time I watched the footage, I didn't see anything particularly interesting. Only when I went through it again frame-by-frame, I discovered this fascinating behaviour. Not once, but twice!"
"In one scene, a crow drops its tool, and then recovers it from the ground shortly afterwards, suggesting they value their tools and don't simply discard them after a single use." According to Rutz, this observation agrees with recent aviary experiments conducted by his group: "Crows really hate losing their tools, and will use all sorts of tricks to keep them safe. We even observed them storing tools temporarily in tree holes, the same way a human would put a treasured pen into a pen holder."
New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) are found on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia.
They can use their bills to whittle twigs and leaves into bug-grabbing implements; some believe their tool-use is so advanced that it rivals that of some primates.
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Notes to editors:
- Troscianko J, and Rutz C. 2015. Activity profiles and hook-tool use of New Caledonian crows recorded by bird-borne video cameras. Biol. Lett. 20150777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0777
- Images of crows and video cameras are available from the authors on request.
- Wild-caught crows were fitted with the miniature video cameras before being released again. The cameras were designed to detach safely after about one week, which allowed the researchers to recover them for data download.
- The video cameras weighed about 13 g on average, which is only slightly more than a British 2-pound coin (12 g). They are attached to the birds' central tail feathers, with the camera lens pushed through the feathers and bent forwards, to obtain an underbelly perspective of the environment. Conveniently, whenever a crow bends forward, to pick up a food item or craft a tool, its head appears in camera view.
- In 2007, Dr Christian Rutz's research group reported earlier work with miniature cameras attached to New Caledonian crows in Science; this was the first time, wild, free-flying birds had been fitted with such devices. The present study expands on this earlier work by using more advanced camera devices that can record footage on-board and that can be programmed to switch on and off at specified times. This enabled the researchers to collect sufficient high-quality footage to estimate how much time crows spend foraging with and without tools. Knowledge of the birds' activity budgets is key to finding out why New Caledonian crows use tools in the wild.
- The study was funded by the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). Dr Christian Rutz was one of a handful of BBSRC David Phillips Research Fellows appointed in 2009.
- Both authors are available for interviews:
Dr Jolyon Troscianko jt@jolyon.co.uk
+44 (0)7815 517970
Dr Christian Rutz cr68@st-andrews.ac.uk
+44 (0)7792 851 538
Journal
Biological Letters