Experiencing math anxiety -- nervousness and discomfort in relation to math -- impairs math performance for some students, but new research shows that it's linked with improved performance for others, at least to a degree. The findings are published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
In two studies, researchers Zhe Wang of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Stephen Petrill of The Ohio State University, and colleagues found that a moderate level of math anxiety was associated with high math performance among students who reported high math motivation -- that is, among students who reported that they valued math and embraced math challenges. For those who are low in this kind of math motivation, however, high math anxiety appears to be linked with low math performance.
"Our findings show that the negative association between math anxiety and math learning is not universal," say Wang and Petrill. "Math motivation can be an important buffer to the negative influence of math anxiety."
While some children might be anxious about math because it is extremely difficult for them and they feel threatened by it, others might be anxious about math because they want to perform well. The researchers hypothesized that different underlying motivations for these two groups may have different consequences for math learning behaviors and performance.
For the first study, the researchers looked at data from 262 pairs of same-sex twins. The children, about 12 years old on average, completed measures of math anxiety and math motivation. They also completed six tasks aimed at measuring math performance, tapping skills like representing numerical quantities nonverbally and spatially, calculating with fluency, and using quantitative reasoning in problem solving.
The results indicated that there were no differences in math anxiety and math motivation according to age, but they did show that girls tended to have higher math anxiety than boys.
When the researchers investigated math anxiety and math motivation together, a complex pattern of results emerged. For children who reported low levels of math motivation, increases in math anxiety were associated with poorer performance. For children who reported high math motivation, the relationship between math anxiety and performance resembled an inverted U shape: Performance increased with anxiety, reaching peak levels with moderate anxiety. As anxiety increased beyond this midpoint, math performance decreased.
To ensure that these results were robust, the researchers conducted a second study with 237 college students. Again, they found that math anxiety was related to poor math performance among students who reported low math motivation, while students who reported high motivation showed the inverted-U relationship between anxiety and performance.
"These findings suggest that efforts that simply aim to decrease math-anxiety level may not prove effective for all students," says Petrill. "Although math anxiety is detrimental to some children in their math learning, motivation may help overcome the detrimental effects of math anxiety. In particular, for children highly motivated to better learn math moderate level of math anxiety or challenge may actually prove efficacious."
According to Wang and Petrill, the next step in this line of research will be to examine the real-time physiological changes that underlie the complex relationship between math anxiety and math achievement.
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Co-authors on the study include Sarah L. Lukowski of The Ohio State University; Sara Ann Hart of Florida State University; Ian M. Lyons of the University of Western Ontario; Lee A. Thompson of Case Western Reserve University; Yulia Kovas of Goldsmiths, University of London; Michèle M. Mazzocco of the University of Minnesota; and Robert Plomin of King's College London.
This work was supported by Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development GrantsHD038075, HD059215, and HD075460. S.L. Lukowski was also supported by National Science Foundation Grant DGE-1343012.
For more information about this study, please contact: Zhe Wang at wangzhe@vt.edu or Stephen Petrill at petrill.2@osu.edu.
The article abstract is available online: http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/10/30/0956797615602471.abstract
The APS journal Psychological Science is the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology. For a copy of the article 'Is Math Anxiety Always Bad for Math Learning? The Role of Math Motivation' and access to other Psychological Science research findings, please contact Anna Mikulak at 202-293-9300 or amikulak@psychologicalscience.org.
Journal
Psychological Science