image: Pathologist Timothy Amukele, left, teamed with Robert Chalmers and other engineers to create a drone courier system that transports blood to diagnostic laboratories. view more
Credit: Johns Hopkins Medicine
In a proof-of-concept study at Johns Hopkins, researchers have shown that results of common and routine blood tests are not affected by up to 40 minutes of travel via hobby-sized drones.
The investigators say that's promising news for the millions of people cared for in rural and economically impoverished areas that lack passable roads in developing nations, because drones can give health care workers quick access to lab tests needed for diagnoses and treatments. Most tests on blood samples and other fluids are done by dedicated laboratories that can be scores of miles from remote clinics.
"Biological samples can be very sensitive and fragile," says Timothy Amukele, M.D., Ph.D., a pathologist at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and director of a laboratory collaboration between Johns Hopkins and Uganda's Makerere University. That sensitivity makes even the pneumatic tube systems used by many hospitals, for example, unsuitable for transporting blood for certain purposes.
Of particular concern related to the use of drones, Amukele notes, is the sudden acceleration that marks the launch of the vehicle and the jostling when the drone lands on its belly. "Such movements could have destroyed blood cells or prompted blood to coagulate, and I thought all kinds of blood tests might be affected, but our study shows they weren't, so that was cool," he says.
A report on the study will be published July 29 in PLOS ONE.
For the study -- which Amukele believes is the first rigorous examination of the impact of drone transport on biological samples -- his team collected a total of six blood samples from each of 56 healthy adult volunteers at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.
The samples were then driven to a flight site an hour's drive from the hospital on days when the temperature was in the 70s. There, half of the samples were packaged for flight, with a view to protecting them for the in-flight environment and preventing leakage.
Those samples were then loaded into a hand-launched fixed-wing drone and flown around for periods of six to 38 minutes. Owing to Federal Aviation Administration rules, the flights were conducted in an unpopulated area, stayed below 100 meters (328 feet) and were in the line of sight of the certified pilot.
The other samples were driven back from the drone flight field to The Johns Hopkins Hospital's Core Laboratory, where they underwent the 33 most common laboratory tests that together account for around 80 percent of all such tests done. A few of the tests performed were for sodium, glucose and red blood cell count.
Comparing lab results of the flown versus nonflown blood of each volunteer, Amukele says "the flight really had no impact."
Amukele and his team noted that one blood test -- for total carbon dioxide (the so-called bicarbonate test) -- did yield differing results for some of the flown versus nonflown samples. Amukele says the team isn't sure why, but that the reason could be because the blood sat around for up to eight hours before being tested. There were no consistent differences between flown versus nonflown blood, Amukele says, and it's unknown whether the out-of-range results were due to the time lag or because of the drone transport. "The ideal way to test that would be to fly the blood around immediately after drawing it, but neither the FAA nor Johns Hopkins would like drones flying around the hospital," he says with a smile.
Given the successful proof-of-concept study results, Amukele says the likely next step is a pilot study in a location in Africa where health care clinics are sometimes 60 or more miles away from labs.
"A drone could go 100 kilometers in 40 minutes," says Amukele. "They're less expensive than motorcycles and are not subject to traffic delays, and the technology already exists for the drone to be programmed to 'home' to certain GPS coordinates, like a carrier pigeon."
Drones already have been tested as carriers of medicines to clinics in remote areas, but whether and how drones will be used in flights over populated areas will depend on laws and regulations.
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Other contributors to the research are Lori Sokoll of Johns Hopkins, Daniel Pepper of the University of Michigan, Dana Patrick Howard of Dana Howard Engineering and Jeff Street of Jeff Street Engineering. The authors received no specific funding for this work. Pepper is also employed by Vayu Incorporated, which makes autonomous delivery aircraft of a different variety than that used in this study. Pepper had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Journal
PLOS ONE