image: This is a skeleton of Llallawavis scagliai on display at the Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia, Mar del Plata. view more
Credit: M. Taglioretti and F. Scaglia.
A new species of South American fossil terror bird called Llallawavis scagliai ("Scaglia's Magnificent Bird") is shedding light on the diversity of the group and how these giant extinct predators interacted with their environment. The new species, described in the latest issue of the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, is the most complete terror bird ever discovered, with more than 90% of the skeleton exquisitely preserved. The new specimen also reveals details of anatomy that rarely preserve in the fossil record, including the auditory region of the skull, voice box, complete trachea, bones for focussing the eye, and the complete palate, allowing an unprecedented understanding of the sensory capabilities of these extinct predatory birds.
"The mean hearing estimated for this terror bird was below the average for living birds," said Dr. Federico "Dino" Degrange, lead author of the study from the Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), CONICET and the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. "This seems to indicate that Llallawavis may have had a narrow, low vocalization frequency range, presumably used for intraspecific acoustic communication or prey detection." This is the first time that the structures which indicate hearing sensitivity have been reconstructed for any terror bird, and they may help explain the evolution, behavior, and ecology of this group of fossil birds.
Terror birds, or phorusracids as they are known scientifically, were carnivorous flightless birds up to 3 meters (10 ft) in height with tall hooked beaks. These birds were the predominant predators during the Cenozoic Age in South America and certainly one of the most striking groups that lived during that time. "The discovery of this new species provides new insights for studying the anatomy and phylogeny of phorusrhacids and a better understanding of this group's diversification," said Dr. Claudia Tambussi, also of CICTERRA and one of the co-authors of the study. The new species stood 4 feet tall and lived in Argentina approximately 3.5 million years ago in the Pliocene Epoch, towards the end of the reign of the group.
"The discovery of this species reveals that terror birds were more diverse in the Pliocene than previously thought. It will allow us to review the hypothesis about the decline and extinction of this fascinating group of birds" said Degrange.
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Citation: Federico J. Degrange, Claudia P. Tambussi, Matías L. Taglioretti, Alejandro Dondas & Fernando Scaglia (2015): A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e912656. [Featured Article] DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2014.912656
AUTHOR CONTACT INFORMATION
Federico J. Degrange
Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Avenida Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
fjdino@gmail.com
Claudia P. Tambussi
Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Avenida Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
tambussi.claudia@conicet.gov.ar
Matías L. Taglioretti
Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
CC 722, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
paleomat@yahoo.com.ar
Alejandro Dondas
Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia
Plaza España sin número, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
adondas@gmail.com
Fernando Scaglia
Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia
Plaza España sin número, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
feroscaglia@gmail.com
OTHER EXPERTS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE STUDY
Dr. Luis Chiappe: lchiappe@nhm.org
Dr. Robert Chandler: bob.chandler@gcsu.edu
Dr. Lawrence Witmer: witmerl@ohio.edu; witmer@oucom.ohiou.edu
Journal
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology