video: This is a 3-D reconstruction from time-lapse CT-scans of a CF pig lung. Images show the trachea and bronchi. Colored round dots represent positions of particles that were added to the airways. Some particles move normally, but two were trapped by tethered mucus. The video is compressed from 10 minutes of recording. view more
Credit: Maged Awadalla, Mark Hoegger and the University of Iowa.
Mucus is key to keeping our lungs clean and clear of bacteria, viruses, and other foreign particles that can cause infection and inflammation. When we inhale microbes and dust, they are trapped in the mucus and then swept up and out of the lungs via a process called mucociliary transport.
New research by University of Iowa scientists shows that cystic fibrosis (CF), a life-shortening, inherited condition that affects about 30,000 Americans, causes a specific defect in this process, reducing the ability to clear particles and germs out of the airway.
In CF, mucus abnormalities are linked to serious health problems, including airway obstruction, difficulty breathing, and increased susceptibility to lung infection. However, whether the mucus abnormality is a primary defect in CF, or is a secondary consequence of CF lung disease, has been an unanswered question.
Using a pig model of CF, which more closely mimics human disease than the traditional mouse experimental models, the UI team found that the mucus defect is present at birth and is a primary cause of CF lung disease. The results are published in the Aug. 15 issue of the journal Science.
The UI team discovered that mucus emerges from specialized glands below the airway surface in long strands. In normal, non-CF airways, these strands detach and are swept up to the throat carrying any trapped particles with them. However, in CF airways these strands don't detach properly from the gland, which allows mucus and trapped particles to accumulate on the airway surface (see video 1).
"If you can't clear mucus out of the airway properly, the airway can get plugged up making it very difficult to breathe, and that's what we see in people with CF," explains Tony Fischer, MD, PhD, study author and pediatric pulmonary fellow with UI Children's Hospital.
"Now that we know more about what we are up against in CF, we can direct our research," adds Mark Hoegger, first author of the study and a student in the UI Medical Scientist Training Program. "We can try to figure out ways to prevent these mucus strands from forming to begin with, and we can figure out ways to detach tethered mucus that has already formed."
Diversity aids discovery
Diversity of ideas, approaches, and expertise played a key role in the success of the project, according to Hoegger and Fischer. The team included pediatric and internal medicine pulmonologists, molecular biologists, biomedical engineers and imaging specialists, and the researchers had to develop new ways of visualizing airway mucus to make their discoveries. It even helped that Hoegger and Fischer had diametrically opposed work schedules.
"Mark was nocturnal and I was diurnal," Fischer says. "Which meant we could continue our experiments 24/7."
Most of the research involved high-tech imaging techniques using confocal microscopes, CT scanners, and 3D image analysis, but a key experiment was possible only by using decidedly simpler technology -- an iPhone and a $5, stop-motion-capture app -- to visualize the movement of particles across airway surfaces (see video 2).
Under normal conditions, movement of particles across CF and non-CF airways looked similar. However, when the airways were made to produce excess mucus, particles in the CF airway would sometimes get stuck and remain attached to the airway. To find out why, Hoegger used fluorescent nanospheres to visualize static mucus and found that in CF airways there were strands and blobs of mucus attached to the airway surface specifically at the mucus gland openings.
Viewing the videos showing the mucus defect created mixed emotions for the researchers.
"When you look at these pictures and videos you understand very quickly what is going on, and as scientists we were very excited about these discoveries," Hoegger says. "But after seeing that the mucus is not properly detaching from the airways, we reflected on the challenges that this creates for people with CF."
The new findings also directly link the mucus defect to the loss of function of the CFTR protein – the underlying genetic cause of CF.
The research team was able to recreate the mucus defect in non-CF airways by shutting down chloride and bicarbonate ion secretion in the mucus glands. The CFTR protein normally controls this ion movement, so the findings directly link loss of CFTR function to the impaired mucus clearance in CF.
The newly discovered CF mucus abnormality may also play a role in problems caused by the disease in other organs, like the GI tract and the pancreas, and the finding may also have implications for other airway diseases with abnormal mucus and mucociliary transport such as asthma and COPD.
In addition to Hoegger and Fischer, the team included faculty, staff, and students from multiple UI departments and colleges: Co-senior study authors Michael Welsh, MD, UI professor of internal medicine and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, and David Stoltz, MD, PhD, UI associate professor of internal medicine; James McMenimen; Lynda Ostedgaard; Alex Tucker; Maged Awadalla; Thomas Moninger; Andrew Michalski; Eric Hoffman; and Joseph Zabner.
The research was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Carver Foundation, and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
The UI Research Foundation has submitted patent applications for the CF pigs and has licensed materials and technologies to Exemplar Genetics, an Iowa-based company co-founded by Welsh. Hoffman is a founder of another Iowa company, VIDA Diagnostics, which commercializes lung imaging analysis software.
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Science