Zone tropical coastal oceans; manage them more like land resources: Scientists

Leading international environmental and marine scientists today published a joint call for societies to introduce and enforce use zoning of Earth's coastal ocean waters, mirroring approaches commonly used to manage and protect land resources.

Writing in the journal Marine Pollution Bulletin, the 24 scientists from Canada, the USA, the UK, China, Australia, New Caledonia, Sweden and Kenya underline that one fifth of humanity — mostly in developing countries — lives within 100 km of a tropical coastline. Growing populations and worsening climate change impacts ensure that pressures on tropical coastal waters will only grow, they warn.

Lacking in most locations are holistic, regional-scale management approaches to balance the growth in competing demands from fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, oil, gas and mineral extraction, energy production, residential development, tourism and conservation.

Says lead author Peter Sale of the UN University's Canadian-based Institute for Water, Environment and Health: "We zone land for development, for farms, for parks, for industry and other human needs. Required today is a comparable degree of care and planning for coastal ocean waters."

"We have tended to think of the seas as our last great wilderness," he adds, "yet we subject them, particularly along tropical shores, to levels of human activity as intense as those on land. The result is widespread overfishing, pollution and habitat degradation. Coastal marine management efforts today are just woefully inadequate to avoid irreparable degradation of the bounty and services on which so many people depend for food and well-being."

A major effort and strong political will are needed to build the holistic, regional-scale management of coastal waters now lacking in most locations. Dr. Sale and colleagues advocate substantially expanded use of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP): an objective procedure for partitioning portions of the coastal ocean among competing uses. But using MSP also forces the regional-scale, holistic approaches to coastal management that nations desperately need.

"We propose making expanded use of marine spatial planning and zoning as a framework that will apportion coastal waters for differing activities, while forcing a multi-target and multi-scale approach, and achieving agreed ecological, economic and social objectives," says Sale.

According to the paper, coastal fisheries and aquaculture, for example, are in frequent and growing conflict. Both are of major importance to the food security of tropical coastal populations. Easily remedied coastal pollution is ignored, degrading habitat and reducing the capacity of both fisheries and aquaculture efforts. Employment opportunities, health and quality of life all are reduced, along with ecological resilience when environmental health degrades.

MSP can be expected to help address such use conflicts while also protecting and conserving ecologically critical areas to allow healthy ecosystem function. Its real value, however, will lie in the way its use brings multiple stakeholders together around a holistic vision of environmental management, addressed at ecologically appropriate spatial and temporal scales.

"At the moment, we are trying to map uses onto marine spaces with insufficient attention to competing needs," says co-author Tim Daw of the UK's University of East Anglia. "More systematic planning is clearly required along tropical coasts, where so much of the population depends directly on the adjacent sea for livelihood and well-being. Here, we face a challenge, and an opportunity, to put in place truly effective management of coastal waters, and improve the lives of millions of people."

According to the authors, management attempts frequently fail today because they:

• are mounted at too small a geographic scale and/or over too short a period of time
• focus on single issues (conservation, fisheries enhancement, land-based pollution) without regard to other problems that act together to degrade coastal environments
• are imposed from "outside," often in a one-size-fits-all or cookie-cutter approach, without the consultation and consensus-building needed to gain real traction with the local community, management agencies or governments.

"While there are a few exceptional places," the paper says, "all too often, current management of development, habitat destruction, pollution, and overfishing is seriously inadequate, and if this management is not improved we are confident in stating the following:

1. Most coastal fisheries will be chronically overfished or collapsed
2. Loss of reef habitat will further reduce fisheries production and strain food security.
3. Land-based pollution will increase to the extent that hypoxia and harmful algal blooms are routinely present
4. Pressures of coastal development will combine with sea level rise and more intense storms to further intrude on and erode natural coastlines, severely reducing mangrove, salt marsh and sea grass habitats
5. The cost of dealing with these impacts will further strain coastal economies, and the future for people on tropical coasts in 2050 will be substantially more bleak than at present."

Co-author comments

"In hand today are technologies and know-how to substantially improve the way we manage tropical coastal seas, but they aren't applied effectively and as a result many management initiatives fail. While integrated coastal management has been discussed for years, too much of the management of tropical coasts is piecemeal, short-term, and done with little effort to ensure gains made are permanently secured. In meeting the challenges to come, more of the same is simply not good enough."
- Johann Bell, Wollongong University, Australia

"We'd be naïve to imply that success will come easily. It won't. Changing management practice to the extent, and at the scale we propose will require very careful, sustained attention to socio- economic and governance dynamics. This is a major challenge for governments, for NGOs, for the multinational sector, and for coastal communities. And it needs to be tackled now."
- Patrick Christie, University of Washington, Seattle, USA

"Humanity has the capacity to substantially improve coastal management; the futures of many millions of people living on tropical coasts depend on us collectively rising to that challenge."
- David Obura, CORDIO East Africa, Kenya

Background

Worldwide, the 100 km wide coastal strip comprises 21% of all land, occupied by over 2.6 billion people at densities ranging from less than 20 to more than 15,000 per sq. km (average: 97). That's over twice the density of inland regions (41 per sq. km).

Over half these people (1.36 billion) live on tropical coasts (just 7% of all land) at even higher densities (averaging 145 per sq. km). Tropical coasts hold 9 of 19 coastal megacities (over 10 million), and are most densely populated (mean: 198 per sq. km) in South and Southeast Asia In the world's tropics, the coastal population is expected to grow 45% to 1.95 billion people by 2050, while the number of people occupying the inland tropics will grow by 71% to 2.26 billion.

However, the total area of inland tropical land is four times that of coastal regions, so tropical population density in 2050 is projected to be 57 per sq. km inland; 199 on coasts.

Coastal communities will generate increased local environmental stresses, although improved management may keep some or all of this increase unrealized.

Co-authors:

Canada

• Peter F. Sale, UN University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, Hamilton ON

USA

• Patrick Christie, University of Washington, Seattle WA
• Tundi Agardy, Sound Seas, Bethesda, MD
• Edward H. Allison, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
• Cameron H. Ainsworth, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL
• Blake E. Feist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA
• Phillip S. Levin, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA
• Kenyon C. Lindeman, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL
• Kai Lorenzen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
• Robert S. Pomeroy, University of Connecticut-Avery Point, Groton, CT

United Kingdom

• Tim M. Daw, University of East Anglia, Norwich / and Stockholm University, Sweden
• Alasdair J. Edwards, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
• Charles R.C. Sheppard, University of Warwick, Coventry

Sweden

• Megan I. Saunders, Stockholm University
• Tim M. Daw, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK / Stockholm University

Australia

• Johann D. Bell, Wollongong University (co-author was previously with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, New Caledonia)
• Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, University of Queensland, St. Lucia
• Peter J. Mumby, University of Queensland, St. Lucia
• Jennifer Corrin, University of Queensland, St. Lucia
• David A. Feary, University of Technology, Sydney
• Simon J. Foale, James Cook University, Townsville
• R.H. Bradbury, Australian National University, Canberra

Kenya

• Melita A. Samoilys, CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa
• David O. Obura, CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa

China

• Yvonne J. Sadovy de Mitcheson, University of Hong Kong

The United Nations University – Institute for Water, Environment and Health is a member of the United Nations University family of organizations. It is the UN Think Tank on Water created by the UNU Governing Council in 1996. The mission of the institute is to contribute to efforts to resolve pressing regional and global water challenges that are of concern to the United Nations, its Member States, and their people, through targeted research, capacity development, knowledge enhancement and transfer, and public outreach. It is hosted by the Government of Canada and McMaster University.

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