How do corals survive in the hottest reefs on the planet?

Coral reefs are predicted to decline under the pressure of global warming. However, a number of coral species can survive at seawater temperatures even higher than predicted for the tropics during the next century. How they survive, while most species cannot, is being investigated by researchers at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS) and New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD).

We tend to associate coral reefs with tropical seas of around 28 degrees, where even slight warming can have devastating effects on corals. But in the Arabian/Persian Gulf, corals survive seawater temperatures of up to 36 degrees Celsius every summer, heat levels that would kill corals elsewhere.

In their study, the NOCS team worked closely with NYUAD researchers to select and characterise model corals from the Arabian/Persian Gulf, which will facilitate future molecular-scale investigations into why they can tolerate heat stress.

"We have established successful laboratory cultures of Gulf corals," said Dr Jörg Wiedenmann, Head of the Coral Reef Laboratory and Senior Lecturer at University of Southampton Ocean and Earth Science, both of which are based at NOCS. "This will greatly accelerate the progress of unravelling the mechanisms that underlie their surprising heat resistance."

Reefs are made up of many species of coral, each of which have a mutually beneficial, or "symbiotic", relationship with algae living in their tissue. These algae supply vital nutrition to the host but are sensitive to environmental changes including increases in seawater temperature.

Even a temperature rise of just one degree Celsius can harm the symbiotic algae, which in turn can increase mortality in corals. The associated loss of symbiotic algae is known as "coral bleaching" because the white skeletons of the corals become visible through the tissue depleted from the algal pigments.

"In Gulf corals, both the coral host and the associated algal partners need to withstand the high seawater temperatures," said Dr Wiedenmann who led the study.

But the scientists were surprised to discover that the algae in Gulf corals belong to a group not known for its thermal tolerance.

"We see that the algae are indeed special but in a way that we did not expect," said Dr Wiedenmann. "The algae that we found in most of the corals in Abu Dhabi reefs were previously described as a 'generalist strain' that is usually not found in corals exposed to high levels of heat stress."

"The system seems to be more complex than it is commonly thought but now we are in an excellent position to tackle these important questions."

The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) has recently granted funding to Dr Wiedenmann and the Coral Reef Laboratory, so that the team can do just that. The researchers will build on their previous findings and use their model corals to investigate the molecular mechanisms that allow corals to thrive at extreme temperatures.

Already around 30 per cent of coral reefs are severely damaged and more than half of coral reefs worldwide may be lost within the near future because of global warming. A better understanding of how corals respond to rising sea temperatures is important for predicting the fate of coral reefs and to optimise reef conservation.

"Gulf corals are living at the limit of their tolerance," said co-author Professor John Burt from the New York University Abu Dhabi. "We have observed an increased frequency of coral bleaching events in this area, and we need to act now to protect and understand these ecosystems that hold the answers to many important climate change related questions."

The study was published in the journal Marine Pollution Bulletin as part of a special issue on coral ecosystems of the Gulf that was initiated during the first NYUAD "Coral Reefs of the Gulf" conference in 2012.

The paper – Hume B., D'Angelo C., Burt J., Baker A.C., Riegl B. and Wiedenmann J. (2013) Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reef-builders: Prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance – is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.032.

Notes to editors

1) Reference: B. Hume, C. D'Angelo, J. Burt, A.C. Baker, B. Riegl, J. Wiedenmann, Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reef-builders: Prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance, Marine Pollution Bulletin, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.032.

The paper is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X1200570X

2) The attached imaged shows a staghorn coral from the Persian/Arabian Gulf that bleached during summer 2012.

3) For further information contact Catherine Beswick, Media and Communications Officer, National Oceanography Centre, email: catherine.beswick@noc.ac.uk

or the authors:

Dr Joerg Wiedenmann
Email Joerg.wiedenmann@noc.soton.ac.uk
Tel +44-(0)7912564356

Dr John Burt
Email John.Burt@nyu.edu
Tel +971-50-221-9269 (UAE, GMT+4)

4) Further relevant papers by the Coral Reef Laboratory (University of Southampton) in this context are:

Smith E.G., D'Angelo C., Salih A. and Wiedenmann J. (2013) Screening by coral green fluorescent protein (GFP)-like chromoproteins supports a role in photoprotection of zooxanthellae. Coral Reefs DOI 10.1007/s00338-012-0994-9, 1-12. (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00338-012-0994-9)

D'Angelo C., Smith E.G., Oswald F., Burt J., Tchernov D. and Wiedenmann J. (2012) Locally accelerated growth is part of the innate immune response and repair mechanisms in reef-building corals as detected by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-like pigments. Coral Reefs 31, 1045-1056. (Open access: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00338-012-0926-8#page-1)

Wiedenmann J., D'Angelo C., Smith E.G., Hunt A.N., Legiret F.-E., Postle A.D. and Achterberg E.P. (2012) Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nature Climate Change doi:10.1038/nclimate1661. (http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate1661.html)

D'Angelo C., Denzel A., Vogt A., Matz M.V., Oswald F., Salih A., Nienhaus G.U. and Wiedenmann J. (2008) Blue light regulation of host pigment in reef-building corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 364, 97-106. (Open access: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v364/p97-106/)

5) A video about the coral reef lab facility at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton can be viewed at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9p0py1KN5g

6) The National Oceanography Centre (NOC) is the UK's leading institution for integrated coastal and deep ocean research. NOC operates the Royal Research Ships James Cook and Discovery and develops technology for coastal and deep ocean research. Working with its partners NOC provides long-term marine science capability including: sustained ocean observing, mapping and surveying, data management and scientific advice.

NOC operates at two sites, Southampton and Liverpool, with the headquarters based in Southampton.

Among the resources that NOC provides on behalf of the UK are the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), the Marine Autonomous and Robotic Systems (MARS) facility, the National Tide and Sea Level Facility (NTSLF), the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) and British Ocean Sediment Core Research Facility (BOSCORF).

The National Oceanography Centre is wholly owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

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