Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) – inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract – have puzzled the scientific community for decades. Ten years ago, researchers recognized that both genes and the environment contributed to these diseases but knew little about precisely how and why illness occurred. To begin to narrow in on the key pathways involved, they would need thousands of patients' samples, millions of data points, and the commitment of physicians and scientists at dozens of institutions.
Today, researchers from across the CD and UC communities have come together to share raw data as well as newly collected genetic information to dissect the biology of a group of conditions that affects millions of people worldwide. Their research centers on the two diseases, which are collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and suggests a fundamental connection between risk of IBD and genes involved in other immune-related diseases and the immune system's response to pathogens. The work by researchers from the Broad Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and dozens of other organizations appears in a Nature paper this week.
"This study marks the first time we've acquired and combined the raw data from so many research studies around the world and also the first time we've jointly analyzed Crohn's with ulcerative colitis," said author Mark Daly, one of the senior authors of the work and senior associate member of the Broad Institute and co-director of its Program in Medical and Population Genetics. Daly is also chief of the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and an associate professor at Harvard Medical School. "We've been able, with this study, to evaluate the evidence for both diseases simultaneously, and discovered that the majority of genetic risk factors are associated with both diseases."
"There's been a paradigm shift in our understanding of IBD. This gene discovery process offers an opportunity to begin identifying new targets for treatment, better diagnostic tools, and in the long-term, personalized care for patients," said co-author Ramnik Xavier, a senior associate member of the Broad Institute, Chief of Gastroenterology and Director of the Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease at MGH. "We now have the necessary starting material to understand the pathways that contribute to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and we also have a framework to better appreciate that they may not be two distinct diseases, but rather collections of many different diseases."
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) share much in common – both cause many of the same gastrointestinal symptoms and both are marked by an improper response by the body's immune system to harmless cells or bacteria. Over the last ten years, researchers have performed genome-wide association studies, looking across the genomes of thousands of patients with either CD or UC and compared them to genomes from people without these diseases to find significant genetic differences. The new study not only brings together the original data from those previous analyses, but also adds genetic information from another 40,000 people either with or without a form of IBD.
"If we want to get more hits but also dissect the differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis or understand the commonalities, we really need to share all of our genetic data," said co-first author Stephan Ripke, a researcher at the Broad Institute and MGH. Ripke worked closely with co-first author Luke Jostins of the Sanger Institute to combine and then analyze genetic information collected by researchers from many different institutions.
The new study identified 71 additional genetic associations for IBD, many of which have been previously implicated in other immune-related disorders, including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis. The new research also suggests a strong overlap between IBD susceptibility genes and genes tied to the immune system's response to mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis and leprosy. Researchers have observed similarities between the immune response in CD and that seen in tuberculosis and hypothesize that CD could be an aberrant response to certain harmless organisms present in the gut that trigger a similar reaction.
In addition to drawing upon original data from previous studies, the work utilizes a relatively new tool known as the immunochip, which samples 200,000 sites in the genome previously tied to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
"As a research community, we designed this array to target genes involved in immune-mediated diseases of all kinds," said Daly. "This is one of our first studies using the immunochip, and there are many more results that will emerge from these studies – within IBD and across immune diseases."
At the Broad Institute, researchers are already pursuing some of the pathways identified in previous studies of UC and CD, including autophagy, a process in which infected cells eat themselves to combat microbes.
"This work gives us additional leads to pursue," said Xavier. "It gives us an opportunity for high-quality, translational research, allowing us to identify core pathways involved in IBD and better understand how genes interact with each other and with the environment, illuminating new pathways that contribute to disease."
Other researchers who contributed to this work include Luke Jostins, Rinse K Weersma, Richard H Duerr, Dermot P McGovern, Ken Y Hui, James C Lee, L Philip Schumm, Yashoda Sharma, Carl A Anderson, Jonah Essers, Mitja Mitrovic, Kaida Ning, Isabelle Cleynen, Emilie Theatre, Sarah L Spain, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Philippe Goyette, Zhi Wei, Clara Abraham, Jean-Paul Achkar, Tariq Ahmad, Leila Amininejad , Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan, Vibeke Andersen, Jane M Andrews, Leonard Baidoo, Tobias Balschun, Peter A Bampton, Alain Bitton, Gabrielle Boucher, Stephan Brand, Carsten Büning, Ariella Cohain, Sven Cichon, Mauro D'Amato, Dirk De Jong, Kathy L Devaney, Marla Dubinsky, Cathryn Edwards, David Ellinghaus, Lynnette R Ferguson, Denis Franchimont, Karin Fransen, Richard Gearry, Michel Georges, Christian Gieger, Jürgen Glas, Talin Haritunians, Ailsa Hart, Chris Hawkey, Matija Hedl, Xinli Hu, Tom H Karlsen, Limas Kupcinskas, Subra Kugathasan, Anna Latiano, Debby Laukens, Ian C Lawrance, Charlie W Lees, Edouard Louis, Gillian Mahy, John Mansfield, Angharad R Morgan, Craig Mowat, William Newman, Orazio Palmieri, Cyriel Y Ponsioen, Uros Potocnik, Natalie J Prescott, Miguel Regueiro, Jerome I Rotter, Richard K Russell, Jeremy D Sanderson, Miquel Sans, Jack Satsangi, Stefan Schreiber, Lisa A Simms, Jurgita Sventoraityte, Stephan R Targan, Kent D Taylor, Mark Tremelling, Hein W Verspaget, Martine De Vos, Cisca Wijmenga, David C Wilson, Juliane Winkelmann, Sebastian Zeissig, Bin Zhang, Clarence K Zhang, Hongyu Zhao, The International IBD Genetics Consortium, Mark S Silverberg, Vito Annese, Hakon Hakonarson, Steven R Brant, Graham Radford-Smith, Christopher G Mathew, John D Rioux, Eric E Schadt, Andre Franke, Miles Parkes, Severine Vermeire, Jeffrey C Barrett, and Judy H Cho.
Paper cited:
Jostins, L et al., Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature11582
About the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT was launched in 2004 to empower this generation of creative scientists to transform medicine. The Broad Institute seeks to describe all the molecular components of life and their connections; discover the molecular basis of major human diseases; develop effective new approaches to diagnostics and therapeutics; and disseminate discoveries, tools, methods and data openly to the entire scientific community.
Founded by MIT, Harvard and its affiliated hospitals, and the visionary Los Angeles philanthropists Eli and Edythe L. Broad, the Broad Institute includes faculty, professional staff and students from throughout the MIT and Harvard biomedical research communities and beyond, with collaborations spanning over a hundred private and public institutions in more than 40 countries worldwide. For further information about the Broad Institute, go to http://www.broadinstitute.org.
About Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of more than $750 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine. In July 2012, MGH moved into the number one spot on the 2012-13 U.S. News & World Report list of "America's Best Hospitals."
Journal
Nature