image: Mark Mercola, Ph.D. is a professor and program director at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute. view more
Credit: Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
LA JOLLA, Calif., August 2, 2012 – For years, scientists have been looking for a good source of heart cells that can be used to study cardiac function in the lab, or perhaps even to replace diseased or damaged tissue in heart disease patients. To do this, many are looking to stem cells. Researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham), the Human BioMolecular Research Institute, and ChemRegen, Inc. have been searching for molecules that convert stem cells to heart cells for about eight years—and now they've found one. Writing in the August 3 issue of Cell Stem Cell, the team describes how they sifted through a large collection of drug-like chemicals and uncovered ITD-1, a molecule that can be used to generate unlimited numbers of new heart cells from stem cells.
"Heart disease is the leading cause of death in this country. Because we can't replace lost cardiac muscle, the condition irreversibly leads to a decline in heart function and ultimately death. The only way to effectively replace lost heart muscle cells—called cardiomyocytes—is to transplant the entire heart," said Mark Mercola, Ph.D., director of Sanford-Burnham's Muscle Development and Regeneration Program and senior author of the study. "Using a drug to create new heart muscle from stem cells would be far more appealing than heart transplantation."
Searching for a needle in a haystack
Stem cells are important because they do two unique things—1) self-renew, producing more stem cells and 2) differentiate, becoming other, more specialized cell types. To obtain a large number of a certain cell type, such as heart cells, the hard part is figuring out the signals that direct them to become the desired cell type.
Mercola's group has been hunting for heart-inducing signals for 15 years—in embryos and in stem cells. To find a synthetic molecule that might one day lead to a drug therapy to regenerate the heart, they joined forces with a team of medicinal chemists at the Human BioMolecular Research Institute led by John Cashman, Ph.D. With funding from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, they used sophisticated robotic technology to methodically test a large collection of drug-like chemicals, looking for that needle in a haystack that, when added to stem cells, results in cardiomyocytes. The winning compound was ITD-1.
Therapeutic applications
There's no shortage of therapeutic possibilities for ITD-1. "This particular molecule could be useful to enhance stem cell differentiation in a damaged heart," explained Erik Willems, Ph.D., postdoctoral researcher in Mercola's lab and first author of the study. "At some point, it could become the basis for a new therapeutic drug for cardiovascular disease—one that would likely limit scar spreading in heart failure and promote new muscle formation."
Mercola, Willems, and Cashman are now working with San Diego biotech company ChemRegen, Inc. to further develop ITD-1 into a drug that one day might be used to treat patients.
More scientific detail
The researchers discovered that ITD-1 blocks a cellular process known as TGFϐ signaling. TGFϐ (short for transforming growth factor-ϐ) is a protein produced by one cell type to influence others' behaviors, such as proliferation, scarring, and even stem cell differentiation. TGFϐ works from outside the cell, binding to a receptor on the surface of a responding cell to initiate an intracellular signaling cascade that causes genes to be switched on or off, ultimately altering cellular behavior—in this case making heart muscle.
ITD-1 triggers degradation of the TGFϐ receptor, thus inhibiting the whole process. With TGFϐ signaling turned off, stem cells are set on a course toward cardiogenesis. ITD-1 is the first selective inhibitor of TGFϐ, meaning that it might also have applications in many other processes controlled by TGFϐ.
Media contacts: To arrange an on-site, phone, or Skype interview with the researchers involved in this study, please contact Heather Buschman at (858) 795-5343 / hbuschman@sanfordburnham.org or Rebekah Handley at (858) 458-9305 / RHandley@hbri.org.
This research was funded by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Human BioMolecular Research Institute, the American Heart Association, the German Research Foundation, and the T Foundation.
The study was co-authored by Erik Willems, Sanford-Burnham and ChemRegen Inc.; Paul J Bushway and Joaquim Cabral-Teixeira, Sanford-Burnham; Dennis Schade, ChemRegen Inc. and Human BioMolecular Research Institute; Wenqing Cai, Sanford-Burnham; Patrick Reeves, Harvard Medical School; Marion Lanier, ChemRegen Inc. and Human BioMolecular Research Institute; Christopher Walsh, Salk Institute for Biological Studies; Tomas Kirchhausen, Harvard Medical School; Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona; John Cashman, ChemRegen Inc. and Human BioMolecular Research Institute; Mark Mercola, Sanford-Burnham and ChemRegen Inc.
About Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute is dedicated to discovering the fundamental molecular causes of disease and devising the innovative therapies of tomorrow. The Institute consistently ranks among the top five organizations worldwide for its scientific impact in the fields of biology and biochemistry (defined by citations per publication) and currently ranks third in the nation in NIH funding among all laboratory-based research institutes. Sanford-Burnham utilizes a unique, collaborative approach to medical research and has established major research programs in cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and infectious, inflammatory, and childhood diseases. The Institute is especially known for its world-class capabilities in stem cell research and drug discovery technologies. Sanford-Burnham is a U.S.-based, non-profit public benefit corporation, with operations in San Diego (La Jolla), California and Orlando (Lake Nona), Florida. For more information, news, and events, please visit us at www.sanfordburnham.org.
About Human BioMolecular Research Institute
The Human BioMolecular Research Institute is a non-profit research institute conducting basic research focused on unlocking biological and chemical principles related to diseases of the human brain, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The Institute conducts fundamental studies of central nervous system disorders, heart disease and cancer including stem cell approaches and translates findings into new drug development to address human illness. In addition, the institute promotes scientific learning through community service and public access by disseminating information and sharing research with collaborators, colleagues and the public. For more information, visit www.HBRI.org.
About ChemRegen Inc.
ChemRegen is a for-profit company doing research directed at identifying small molecules of use for addressing human diseases. The approach is to develop regenerative medicines to work in conjunction with human embryonic stem cells to cure major human diseases including heart disease, cancer and other diseases. For more information, visit www.ChemRegen.com.
Journal
Cell Stem Cell