When it comes to selecting the right plant source for future cellulosic biofuel production, the solution won't be one-size-fits-all, and it certainly doesn't have to involve food and feed crops.
In a "Perspective" article in the Aug. 13 edition of the Journal Science, researchers from the Energy Biosciences Institute suggest that a diversity of plant species, adaptable to the climate and soil conditions of specific regions of the world, can be used to develop agroecosystems for fuel production that are compatible with contemporary environmental goals.
EBI Director Chris Somerville of the University of California, Berkeley, and Deputy Director Steve Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign were co-authors with EBI bioenergy analysts Caroline Taylor, Heather Youngs and Sarah Davis. The institute is a research collaboration between UC Berkeley, the University of Illinois, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the funding sponsor BP.
The article, "Feedstocks for Lignocellulosic Biofuels," discusses the sustainability of current and future crops that may be used to produce advanced biofuels with emerging technologies that use non-edible parts of plants. Such crops include perennial grasses like Miscanthus grown in the rain-fed areas of the U.S. Midwest, East and South; sugarcane in Brazil and other tropical regions, including the southeastern U.S.; Agave in semiarid regions such as Mexico and the U.S. Southwest; and woody biomass from various sources.
"The ability to produce lignocellulosic fuels sustainably is of paramount importance," the authors write. "Because the use of groundwater is generally not sustainable, we envision that the type of energy crop grown in a given region will be primarily related to water-use efficiency."
For example, Agave can grow in more arid regions, and since much of the land that has fallen out of agricultural production worldwide is semiarid, "it appears that the amount of land that may be available for cultivation of agave species is vast," the report says. About 18 percent of the earth's terrestrial surface is semiarid.
The article points out that biofuel feedstocks need not grow on land currently being farmed for food and animal feed. Some plants, like Miscanthus and switchgrass, have intrinsically high light, water and nitrogen use efficiency. Additionally, reduced tillage and perennial root systems add carbon to the soil and protect against erosion. Thus marginal or abandoned agricultural lands may be developed specifically as biofuel feedstock plantations without competing with food and feed.
According to the report, the government of Brazil has plans to intensify its cattle-grazing operations, making land available for agriculture without clearing natural ecosystems. With its highly developed sugarcane-based ethanol industry, Brazil alone could produce liquid fuels equivalent to about 14 percent of the current world transportation fuel demand by 2030.
In North America, wood is routinely harvested sustainably for lumber and paper, but activity has declined over the past several decades. As electronic media and paper recycling gain in popularity, the reduced demand for pulp woods could provide opportunities for large amounts of woody biomass to contribute to biofuel production, the authors state.
Even corn, the largest global source of grain and feed and a feedstock for ethanol, is given consideration by the authors, but not for its grain. The huge amounts of stems and stripped cobs (stover) of the corn plants have potential as cellulosic fuel sources. However, the report notes, "there is concern that removal of even half the stover would exacerbate loss of soil carbon and erosion and would also require additional inputs of fertilizer to replace lost minerals." Costs for harvesting and transport may also be prohibitive.
The diversity and geographic adaptability of crops available as potential biofuel feedstocks can be used to support ecosystem health throughout the world, the EBI researchers conclude. "By focusing on the use of dedicated energy crops – rather than on repurposing food and feed crops – it should be possible to overcome many of the problematic constraints associated with our narrow dependence on a relatively small number of food crops and to develop agroecosystems for fuel production that are compatible with contemporary environmental goals," they write.
They also encourage long-term research efforts focused on cellulosic biomass cropping systems in order to identify best management practices that maximize productivity and environmental benefits while meeting sustainability goals.
The Energy Biosciences Institute is in its third year of a 10-year mission to explore the applications of modern biology to the energy sector. Largely focused on the efficient conversion of plant biomass into transportation fuels, the EBI is also concerned about the environmental, economic and societal impacts of biofuel development as well as the enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons through microbial processes.
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