WASHINGTON — A new report by the National Research Council identifies the highest- priority research activities for astronomy and astrophysics in the next decade that will "set the nation firmly on the path to answering profound questions about the cosmos." The decadal survey -- the Research Council's sixth -- prioritizes activities based on their ability to advance science in key areas, and for the first time also takes into account factors such as risks in technical readiness, schedule, and cost.
The report identifies space- and ground-based research activities in three categories: large, midsize, and small. For large space activities -- those exceeding $1 billion -- an observatory the report calls the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) is the top priority because the space telescope would help settle fundamental questions about the nature of dark energy, determine the likelihood of other Earth-like planets over a wide range of orbital parameters, and survey our galaxy and others. For large-scale, ground-based research initiatives that exceed $135 million, the first priority is the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), a wide-field optical survey telescope that would observe more than half the sky every four nights, and address diverse areas of study such as dark energy, supernovae, and time-variable phenomena.
"Powerful new ways to observe the universe and bold ideas to understand it have created scientific opportunities without precedent," said Roger Blandford, chair of the committee that wrote the report and Luke Blossom Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford. "The program of research that we recommend will optimize the science return for future ground-based projects and space missions in a time of constrained budgets and limited resources."
The recommended research activities are encapsulated by three science objectives: deepening understanding of how the first stars, galaxies, and black holes formed, locating the closest habitable Earth-like planets beyond the solar system for detailed study, and using astronomical measurements to unravel the mysteries of gravity and probe fundamental physics.
Along with WFIRST, other priorities in the large-scale space category recommended in the report are an augmentation to the Explorer program, which supports small- and medium-sized missions that provide high scientific returns; the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), which could enable detection of long gravitational waves or "ripples in space-time"; and the International X-Ray Observatory, a large-area X-ray telescope that could transform understanding of hot gas associated with stars, galaxies, and black holes in all evolutionary stages.
Other recommended ground-based research projects include the formation of a Midscale Innovations Program within the National Science Foundation (NSF), which would fill a funding gap for compelling research activities that cost between $4 million and $135 million. In addition, the report recommends participation in the U.S.-led international Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope, a next generation large optical telescope that is vital for continuing the long record of U.S. leadership in ground-based optical astronomy. The next priority is participation in an international ground-based high-energy gamma-ray telescope array.
For midsize space-based activities, the first priority is the New Worlds Technology Development Program, which lays the scientific groundwork for a future mission to study nearby Earth-like planets. Top priority for ground-based midsize research is the Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope (CCAT), which would provide short wavelength radio surveys of the sky to study dusty material associated with galaxies and stars.
Research priorities were selected through an extensive review that included input from nine expert panels, six study groups, and a broad survey of the astronomy and astrophysics community. With the help of an outside contractor, the committee developed independent appraisals of the technical readiness and schedule and cost risks. In addition, the survey reassessed projects that were recommended in past surveys but not formally started alongside newly proposed projects.
The research recommendations represent a cohesive plan with realistic budgetary scenarios, the report says, with ranges based on current projected budgets for NASA, NSF, and the U.S. Department of Energy -- the agencies largely responsible for funding and implementing the research activities. It also identifies smaller, unranked research initiatives to augment core fundamental research. An independent standing committee should regularly advise the agencies on strategy and progress of the projects and produce annual reports.
The report notes that astronomical research continues to offer significant benefits to the nation beyond astronomical discoveries by capturing the public's attention and promoting general science literacy and proficiency. In addition, the research serves as a gateway to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers, and a number of important and often unexpected technological breakthroughs. The report makes several recommendations to improve astronomy and astrophysics education and calls for more U.S. participation in international research projects.
The study was funded by NASA, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, and a contribution from the Vesto Slipher bequest to the Academies. The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council make up the National Academies. They are private, nonprofit institutions that provide science, technology, and health policy advice under a congressional charter. The Research Council is the principal operating agency of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. A committee roster follows.
Copies of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics are available from the National Academies Press; tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above). In addition, a podcast of the public briefing held to release this report is available at http://national-academies.org/podcast.
[ This news release and report are available at http://national-academies.org ]
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
Space Studies Board
and
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Committee on the Decadal Survey for Astronomy and Astrophysics 2010
Roger D. Blandford (chair) 1
Luke Blossom Professor
School of Humanities and Sciences,
and
Pehong and Adele Chen Director
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics
and Cosmology
Stanford University
Stanford, Calif.
Martha P. Haynes (vice chair) 1
Goldwin Smith Professor
Department of Astronomy
Cornell University
Ithaca, N.Y.
John P. Huchra (vice chair) 1
Robert O. and Holly Thomas Doyle Professor of Cosmology
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Cambridge, Mass.
Marcia J. Rieke (vice chair)
Professor and Astronomer
Department of Astronomy
University of Arizona
Tucson
Steven J. Battel
President
Battel Engineering
Scottsdale, Ariz.
Lars Bildsten
Professor and Member
Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics
University of California
Santa Barbara
John E. Carlstrom1
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Distinguished Service Professor
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics
University of Chicago
Chicago
Debra M. Elmegreen
Maria Mitchell Professor of Astronomy and Chair
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
Joshua Frieman
Head
Theoretical Astrophysics Group
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Batavia, Ill.
Fiona A. Harrison
Professor of Physics and Astronomy
Space Radiation Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena
Timothy M. Heckman
Professor
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore
Lynne Hillenbrand
Professor
Department of Astronomy
California Institute of Technology
Berkeley
Robert C. Kennicutt Jr. 1
Plumian Professor and Director
Institute of Astronomy
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, United Kingdom
Jonathan I. Lunine1
Professor
Department of Physics
University of Rome Tor Vergata, and
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
University of Arizona
Rome, Italy
Claire E. Max1
Professor and Director
Center for Adaptive Optics
University of California
Santa Cruz
Dan McCammon
Professor of Space Physics
Department of Physics
University of Wisconsin
Madison
Steven M. Ritz
GLAST Project Scientist
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Santa Cruz, Calif.
Juri Toomre
Professor
Department of Astrophysical,
Planetary, and Atmospheric Sciences
University of Colorado
Boulder
Scott D. Tremaine1
Professor
School of Natural Sciences
Institute for Advanced Study
Princeton, N.J.
Michael S. Turner1
Rauner Distinguished Service Professor
and Director
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics
University of Chicago
Chicago
Neil de Grasse Tyson
Director, Hayden Planetarium and
Astrophysicist
Department of Astrophysics
American Museum of Natural History
New York City
Paul Adrian Vanden Bout
Senior Scientist
North American ALMA Science
Center
National Radio Astronomy
Observatory
Charlottesville, Va.
A. Thomas Young2
Vice President
Lockheed Martin Corp. (retired)
Onancock, Va.
STAFF
Michael H. Moloney
Study Director
Director, Space Studies Board
Donald C. Shapero
Director, Board on Physics and
Astronomy
1 Member, National Academy of Sciences
2 Member, National Academy of Engineering