In the May issue of The Journal of Clinical Investigation, researchers from the National Human Genome Research Institute, the National Eye Institute, and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, all part of the National Institutes of Health, report that excessive production of a specific protein disrupts the protective properties of the skin barrier. Once the skin barrier is compromised, immune-system-stimulating chemicals – allergens – can enter the body and cause an inflammatory reaction that, in turn, stimulates skin cells to grow rapidly, further diminishing the protective function of the skin. The compromised barrier, in turn, becomes more porous to allergens that then stimulate more inflammation in a cycle that eventually produces common skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.
It may, however, be possible to break the cycle by creating a temporary, artificial barrier on the skin that blocks incoming allergens. The solution could be as simple as developing a lotion that effectively blocks allergens from getting through damaged skin. Keeping allergens out of the skin would keep the immune system from over-stimulating cell growth, giving the skin time to re-create a normal barrier. Current therapies for these skin conditions principally focus on suppressing the immune system, but the medicines used can produce undesired side-effects.
"The human body is an incredibly complex system," said Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D., director of the National Institutes of Health. "Only by conducting this kind of basic research can we hope to understand the causes of complex diseases. And only by understanding disease can we produce a future in which we can predict who is at risk, pre-empt the illness from ever occurring and personalize the treatment when it does."
Several recent studies have suggested that defects in the skin barrier may be as important to eczema and psoriasis as the hyperactive response of the immune system. In addition, doctors have observed that individuals with eczema are also likely to develop hay fever and asthma, suggesting a common mechanism for both disorders. The other risk factor for these conditions is having a relative with the disorder, suggesting a genetic connection.
To test whether a defective skin barrier can actually produce these diseases, a team of NIH researchers focused on a specific gene called connexin 26, which makes a protein that forms connections between skin cells that create the normal barrier. When the skin is intact, the production of connexin 26 is turned off once there is enough to hook all the skin cells together. When skin is damaged by a cut or a scrape, connexin 26 is produced while new skin cells reproduce and heal the wound. Researchers have shown that connexin 26 production is turned on in the sore skin of people with psoriasis, but it wasn't clear what role connexin 26 played in the disorder.
To determine connexin 26's role in psoriasis, NIH researchers created a line of transgenic mice that over-produce connexin 26. The resulting mice develop psoriatic-type skin sores, just like humans with psoriasis.
"This discovery demonstrates the power of animal models to unravel complex conditions of medical importance," said Eric D. Green, M.D., Ph.D., NHGRI's scientific director and the director of the institute's Division of Intramural Research, where the research was conducted. "Our current abilities to rapidly create new genetically altered animal models allow researchers to move from conception of an idea to its implementation at an incredible pace."
The discovery broadens the basic understanding of the causes of skin disorders such as psoriasis and eczema, and may well contribute to the basic understanding of asthma and hay fever, conditions that arise when allergens penetrate the tissue barrier in the lungs and nose, respectively.
"Hopefully, this will help us understand the complex genetics of psoriasis," said Julia A. Segre, Ph.D., an investigator in NHGRI's Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch and the senior author on the paper. "Previous genetic studies have focused on the genes that regulate immune response. We are now examining the effect of genes that are involved in both regulating the growth of skin cells and signaling to the immune cells."
The problem causing these related disorders may simply be the body over-reacting to an allergen getting through the barrier that is supposed to block it. "The skin goes into a stress response and overcompensates by trying to rebuild the barrier too fast, actually becoming less effective," Dr. Segre said. "The skin cells grow so fast that they fail to make a normal barrier, and the body is stimulating the immune response because of material (chemicals and allergens) coming through the barrier."
Understanding the genetics of skin disorders may well have important implications for more serious illnesses, such as asthma. It is not uncommon for a family doctor to face the dilemma of a child who has eczema and then having to decide how aggressively to treat the disease. Eczema is not particularly dangerous, but children presenting with eczema commonly go on to develop asthma, which severely compromises quality of life and in rare cases can be lethal. Treating eczema with immune-suppressing drugs, which may also prevent asthma from developing, may cause undesirable side effects.
The genetic studies suggest that researchers now need to focus on both turning down the immune response, as well as restoring a normal skin barrier to keep the outside world out of the body.
"The barrier function of epithelial surfaces is important in all tissues that have contact with the outside world. In addition to the skin and respiratory tract, it includes the gastrointestinal tract, and the ocular surface," said Ali Djalilian, M.D., formerly a research fellow and medical officer at the National Eye Institute but now at the University of Illinois in Chicago, and the lead author of the paper. "These findings underline the importance of this barrier function and suggests a new strategy for restoring it in human diseases."
The National Human Genome Research Institute, the National Eye Institute and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development are among the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH) - The Nation's Medical Research Agency. NIH is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
Additional information:
Among the most serious, common chronic conditions in the United States, asthma affects more than 20 million people. Some 5 million asthmatics are U.S. children younger than 18 and approximately 3.6 million children have had an asthma attack within the last year. Nearly half a million attacks resulted in a trip to the emergency room each year and more than 5,000 asthmatics died from their illness. More information about asthma can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html.
An estimated 4.5 million U.S. adults suffer from psoriasis, up to a third suffer with a moderate to severe form of the disorder, including 1 million who have psoriatic arthritis. More information about psoriasis can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/psoriasis.html.
More than 15 million Americans suffer from the symptoms of eczema, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, a part of the National Institutes of Health. More information about eczema can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eczema.html.
Approximately 50 million Americans suffer some form of allergy or hay fever, experiencing sneezing, runny nose or watery eyes, though the symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. More information can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/allergy.html.