Alaska is at the intersection of the Asian and North American flyways for migratory birds and scientists say that could provide an unusual mixing ground for the evolution of new strains of bird flu - strains that could spread to lower latitudes and possibly jump to other species, including humans.
University of Alaska (UAF) scientists and state and federal biologists from across Alaska have joined forces and formed the University of Alaska Program on the Biology and Epidemiology of Avian Influenza in Alaska to study migratory birds in Alaska and determine how many are infected and how strains of influenza virus jump from one species to another.
Wild birds are the natural hosts of many influenza viral strains that normally do not infect humans. However, recent outbreaks of bird flu in Southeast Asia were caused by a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain and there is increasing evidence that this strain can jump the species barrier and cause severe disease and mortality in humans. A second and even greater concern, according to the World Health Organization, is the possibility that the present situation could give rise to an influenza pandemic in humans akin to the 1918 "Spanish Flu." On Friday, WHO warned that China is not rigorously following up on a recent deadly H5N1 outbreak among wild birds.
The 1918 influenza pandemic killed more than 500,000 people in the United States and as many as 50 million people worldwide, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Many died within the first few days after infection; almost half of those who died were healthy, young adults.
"The initial goal of the (UA) program is to assess the diversity and prevalence of avian influenza in Alaska's bird populations," said Jonathan Runstadler, veterinarian, assistant professor of molecular biology at UAF's Institute of Arctic Biology, and a lead scientist on the Avian Influenza Program.
Runstadler along with biologists and technicians from UAF and state, federal and private wildlife agencies are spending part of this summer's bird-banding season collecting cloacal swabs of birds temporarily captured as part of other studies.
"One of the reasons we don't understand the ecology of the virus is that we don't know what happens to the virus in its natural ecosystem," Runstadler said. "We need to understand how the biology of birds impacts disease transmission. For instance, does the time of year when birds nest, fledge, stage, migrate, or interact with young birds affect transmission?"
The cloacal samples will be screened for the avian influenza virus, positive samples will be identified and sent to The Institute of Genomic Research (TIGR) for sequencing of the entire viral RNA genome which will then be published in GenBank, the National Institutes of Health collection of all publicly available RNA and DNA sequences.
With gene sequences, bird species, geographic location and capture information in hand, Tom Marr, UA president's professor of bioinformatics, Jim Long, biotechnology computing technical leader, and Buck Sharpton, UA president's professor of remote sensing plan to create the first Web site of georeferenced avian influenza data.
"We knew about (bird) flu because Kevin Winker has been talking about flu for years," said George Happ, Director of the IDeA Networks for Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) at UAF, which is funding the UA avian influenza program.
"Before I came nobody was paying attention to the extensive overlap between the Old World and New World migration systems as a disease pathway," said Winker, curator of birds at the UA Museum of the North and an associate professor of biology at UAF.
"Our ability to combine studies in natural history and biomedicine is why I came to UAF," Runstadler said. "We are best able to do this type of research at UAF because we have the expertise in biological and ecological science, the state resources, and now the biomedical capabilities."
Contact:
Jonathan Runstadler, UAF Assistant Professor of Molecular Biology, Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, UAF, 474-7038, jonathan.runstadler@uaf.edu
Kevin Winker, Curator of Birds UA Museum of the North and Associate Professor of Biology, UAF, 474-7027, ffksw@uaf.edu
George Happ, Director Alaska IDeA Networks for Biomedical Research Excellence, UAF, 474-5492, ffgmh@uaf.edu
Marie Gilbert, Publications and Information Coordinator, Institute of Arctic Biology, UAF, 474-7412, marie.gilbert@uaf.edu