Breast cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy could be lacking sufficient antibodies to protect against common illnesses, as chemotherapy reduces the body's immune response, according to research published in the open access journal Breast Cancer Research. This work raises the possibility that these survivors could benefit from additional post-treatment monitoring. Further work is required to assess if revaccination would be beneficial.
Chemotherapy is used to treat 30% of breast cancer patients. Although an effective treatment, delivering an increase in survivorship, post-treatment welfare may deserve additional attention. Many studies have investigated the effects of chemotherapy on our immune system during the therapy itself and up to a short period after the last treatment, but little is known about the long-term impact on immunity.
Measuring the levels of lymphocytes, a group of white blood cells involved in our body's immune response, and antibodies researchers from University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust found that chemotherapy reduced levels of some components of the immune system of breast cancer survivors for at least nine months after treatment. These changes may leave patients vulnerable to some infections, despite having had routine vaccinations for such infections years before.
The researchers investigated the immune system of 88 women with breast cancer. Levels of lymphocytes were measured before and at intervals between two weeks and nine months after chemotherapy. However, there was no pre-chemotherapy data for 26 of these participants.
Levels of all the major types of lymphocytes dropped significantly after chemotherapy. This included T and B cells and natural killer cells, which together defend the body against viral and bacterial infection. The impact of chemotherapy on most lymphocytes was found to be only short term, with recovery to pre-chemotherapy levels by nine months. However, chemotherapy had a long term effect on B cells (cells that ultimately produce antibodies) and helper T cells (cells that are responsible for helping antibody production), both of which only partially recovered to around 65% of initial levels in the first six months did not continue to recover after a further three months. Levels of antibodies against tetanus and pneumococcus (the bacterium that can lead to pneumonia) also were reduced and stayed low even after nine months.
Chemotherapy uses different chemical agents. The researchers compared an anthracycline only regime with anthracyclines followed by taxane cycles. The anthracyclines regime was more damaging to B cells and helper T cells initially, but a relatively full recovery was made afterwards. On the other hand, anthracyclines followed by taxanes was associated with sustained reductions in levels of immune cells with poor recovery.
Smoking also appeared to slow down the recovery of some immune cells with levels in smokers reaching only half pre-chemotherapy levels after nine months compared to 80% in non-smokers.
Researcher, Thomas Hughes, from the School of Medicine at the University of Leeds says: "We were surprised that the impact of chemotherapy is so long lived. We were also surprised that smoking and choice of chemotherapy agent influenced the dynamics of the recovery of the immune system. We might need to take into account the future immune health of breast cancer patients when planning treatments, but more research is needed to determine whether this would improve patient outcomes."
This was an observational longitudinal study which means that although it can increase our understanding of the links between chemotherapy, smoking and immune defence, it cannot show cause and effect because other factors may play a role.
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Notes to Editors
1. Lymphocyte depletion and repopulation after chemotherapy for primary breast cancer
Rashmi Verma; Ruth E Foster; Kieran Horgan; Katherine Mounsey; Helen Nixon; Natuley Smalle; Thomas A Hughes, MA DPhil; Clive RD Carter
Breast Cancer Research 2015
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After embargo article available at journal website here: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13058-015-0669-x
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2. Breast Cancer Research is an international, peer-reviewed online journal, publishing original research, reviews, editorials and reports. Open access research articles of exceptional interest are published in all areas of biology and medicine relevant to breast cancer, including normal mammary gland biology, with special emphasis on the genetic, biochemical, and cellular basis of breast cancer. In addition to basic research, the journal publishes preclinical, translational and clinical studies with a biological basis, including Phase I and Phase II trials.
3. BioMed Central is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher which has pioneered the open access publishing model. All peer-reviewed research articles published by BioMed Central are made immediately and freely accessible online, and are licensed to allow redistribution and reuse. BioMed Central is part of Springer Science+Business Media, a leading global publisher in the STM sector. http://www.biomedcentral.com
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Breast Cancer Research