image: This is a comparison of mammalian dental patterns showing the difference in regionalization of tooth morphology. (A) Mus musculus (B) Sus scrofa (picture is of an immature pig with an unerupted M3) and (C) Stenella attenuata. view more
Credit: Armfield et al.
Whales are mammals, but they don't look like the mammals living around us, as they have a triangular fluke for tail, no hind legs and no body hair. And inside their mouths, their teeth are unfamiliar too – being much simpler and 'peg like'. A multidisciplinary team of researchers have now married together the fossil record and the embryonic development process to investigate how the whale got its teeth.
Most mammals have four kinds of teeth, each shaped for specific tasks. In most mammals there are wedge-shaped incisors, a pointy canine, and premolars and molars with bumps and valleys that fit together like a mortar and pestle when you chew. Not all whales have teeth, but those that do, such as killer whales, have rows of simple peg like teeth, each one looking the same as the next. Whales use this spiked row of teeth to grab prey, but unlike other mammals, whales do not chew. In a new study published today in the open access journal PeerJ, Brooke Armfield and colleagues investigated the developmental processes that cause the teeth of dolphins, whales' smaller cousins, to be different, and tracked the evolutionary progression of their unique dentition across the fossil record.
Whales evolved from land mammals and so Armfield and co-workers first went to the fossil record to trace when and how whales evolved their simple teeth. The fossil record shows that, 48 million years ago, whales had the same four kinds of teeth just like most other mammals. Gradually, the teeth of whales became simpler and acquired their characteristic peg-like appearance around 30 million years ago, well after the time that they had acquired an array of adaptations for living in the water.
Next, Armfield and her colleagues explored just how teeth are shaped during development. Specific proteins in the embryo cause developing teeth to grow into certain shapes. Armfield and colleagues zeroed in on two proteins, BMP4 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4) and FGF8 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8). BMP4 expression leads to teeth developing into simple prongs, and this occurs near the tip of the jaws, where the incisors form. Prior to teeth forming in the embryo, FGF8 expression in the back of the jaw leads to development of molar teeth with their complex hills and valleys in mice and other mammals.
Armfield and her co-workers studied FGF8 and BMP4 in pig embryos, relatives of whales and dolphins. Pigs have the four typical types of teeth, and, sure enough, the two proteins are distributed in the same way as they are in other mammals, showing that whales' ancestors likely had this distribution of gene expression too. Next, the authors moved on to examine dolphin embryos. Here, the pattern was different: FGF8 is present in the back part of the jaw, but BMP4 is present along the entire length of the jaw, including where FGF8 is found. The authors hypothesize that the overlapping presence of BMP4 in these new areas causes the teeth all along the jaw to be simple in shape, like incisors, and to be similar to each other. Interestingly, other researchers had shown that in mouse embryos in which BMP4 is experimentally introduced in the back of the jaw, the back teeth also take on this simplified appearance.
"It is exciting to identify a molecular change that occurred in nature and that so dramatically influenced the way in which a mammal can thrive in the ocean and to then trace the evolution of that change in the fossil record," says Armfield. "The simple shift in the location of proteins that influence tooth shape found in whales may help us to better understand how mammals evolved their complex tooth in the first place."
Says co-author Thewissen: "This shows that major changes to the design of an animal can result from small changes in early development, by simply shifting the region where an already existing protein occurs. It's a beautiful, detailed example of a small developmental change having a big effect in evolution."
Background Information
Armfield and colleagues did their experiments on museum specimen embryos of the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), which is included among the toothed whales (or odontocetes). Other toothed whales are killer whales and sperm whales. Another group of whales, baleen whales (or mysticetes) have baleen plates instead of teeth as adults and these baleen whales inspired Rudyard Kipling to write "How the whale got its throat." http://www.online-literature.com/kipling/171/.
The scientists below were not involved in the work but are aware of it and can comment
* Dr. Craig Albertson, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. (413) 545-2902 Albertson@bio.umass.edu.
* Dr. Annalisa Berta, Professor, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego CA, (619)594-6767. aberta@sciences.sdsu.edu.
EMBARGOED until Feb 19th 2013: 7 am EST; 12 midday UK time
Link to the Published Version of the article (quote this link in your story – the link will ONLY work after the embargo lifts): https://peerj.com/articles/24 - your readers will be able to freely access this article.
This article is published in PeerJ, a newly launched (Feb 12th) Open Access Journal. There is a separate Press Release for the PeerJ launch, at: http://bit.ly/PeerJPR02052013 (or if this link has expired, find it at: https://peerj.com/about/press/)
Competing Interests Statement (from the article): "JGM Thewissen is an Academic Editor for PeerJ. Otherwise, there are no competing interests."
Funding Statement (from the article): "NSF-DIG 0725951 (to CJV/BAA), NSF-EAR 0745543 (to JGMT), Ramanna Fellowship, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (to SB), and Skeletal Biology Research Focus Group, Northeast OhioMedical University also provided financial support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."
Ethical Approval (from the article): "The following NEOUCOM protocol was reviewed and approved by this Institution's Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). NEOUCOM protocol NO: 07-011, Dental Development in Pigs. Type of Vertebrate Swine."
Handling Academic Editor (conducted the peer review and approved the publication): Andrew Farke, Augustyn Family Curator of Paleontology, Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology
Citation to the article: Armfield et al. (2013), Development and evolution of the unique cetacean dentition. PeerJ 1:e24; DOI 10.7717/peerj.24
About PeerJ
PeerJ is an Open Access publisher of scholarly scientific content, which offers researchers a lifetime membership, for a single low price, giving them the ability to openly publish all future articles for free. The launch of PeerJ occurred on February 12th, 2013 with the publication of 30 articles. PeerJ is based in San Francisco, CA and London, UK and can be accessed at https://peerj.com/.
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Media Contacts
For the Authors:
Dr. Brooke Armfield, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Florida, Gainesville, +1 (352) 273.8101, barmfield26@gmail.com
Dr. J.G.M. 'Hans' Thewissen, Professor of Anatomy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272. +1 (330)325.6295, thewisse@neomed.edu
For PeerJ:
press@peerj.com +1 415 413 4596 (PST) https://peerj.com/about/press/
Abstract (from the article)
The evolutionary success of mammals is rooted in their high metabolic rate. A high metabolic rate is sustainable thanks to efficient food processing and that in turn is facilitated by precise occlusion of the teeth and the acquisition of rhythmic mastication. These major evolutionary innovations characterize most members of the Class Mammalia. Cetaceans are one of the few groups of mammals in which precise occlusion has been secondarily lost. Most toothed whales have an increased number of simple crowned teeth that are similar along the tooth row. Evolution toward these specializations began immediately after the time cetaceans transitioned from terrestrial-to-marine environments. The fossil record documents the critical aspects of occlusal evolution of cetaceans, and allows us to pinpoint the evolutionary timing of the macroevolutionary events leading to their unusual dental morphology among mammals. The developmental controls of tooth differentiation and tooth number have been studied in a few mammalian clades, but nothing is known about how these controls differ between cetaceans and mammals that retain functional occlusion. Here we show that pigs, a cetacean relative with regionalized tooth morphology and complex tooth crowns, retain the typical mammalian gene expression patterns that control early tooth differentiation, expressing Bmp4 in the rostral (mesial, anterior) domain of the jaw, and Fgf8 caudally (distal, posterior). By contrast, dolphins have lost these regional differences in dental morphology and the Bmp4 domain is extended into the caudal region of the developing jaw. We hypothesize that the functional constraints underlying mammalian occlusion have been released in cetaceans, facilitating changes in the genetic control of early dental development. Such major developmental changes drive morphological evolution and are correlated with major shifts in diet and food processing during cetacean evolution.
Journal
PeerJ